Ethical Challenges in Biodefense and Bioterrorism

Loike, John D.; Fischbach, Ruth L.

doi:10.4172/2157-2526.s12-002

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 38 publications

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“…Nonetheless, numerous publications have reported that the Hittites had engaged in biological warfare. 14,[86][87][88][89] A second allegation of possible BW has arisen in the context of the Peloponnesian War, fought between Athens and Sparta and their allies. Recently, a team of Greek researchers, led by Manolis J. Papagrigorakis, suggested that the famous ''Plague of Athens,'' which reportedly killed one-third of the population during Sparta's 4-year siege of Athens, resulted from deliberate introduction of the organism responsible for typhoid into the water supply.…”

Section: ''Primitive'' Warfarementioning

confidence: 99%

The History of Biological Weapons Use: What We Know and What We Don't

Carus

2015

Health Security

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This article critically reviews the literature on the history of biological warfare, bioterrorism, and biocrimes. The first serious effort to review this entire history, made in 1969, had numerous limitations. In recent decades, several authors have filled many of the gaps in our understanding of the past use of biological agents (including both pathogens and toxins), making it possible to reconstruct that history with greater fidelity than previously possible. Nevertheless, there are numerous remaining gaps, and closer inspection indicates that some supposed uses of biological weapons never took place or are poorly substantiated. Topics requiring additional research are identified.

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Section: ''Primitive'' Warfarementioning

confidence: 99%