Ethics and Ecotourism

Karwacki, Judy; Boyd, Colin

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8608.1995.tb00120.x

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Transformation by the tourism industry towards actions more consistent with the principles of sustainable development requires a changed relationship and changed thinking on both the supply and demand sides of the equation. On the demand side it is necessary that tourism operators discontinue the use of terms such as 'primitive' and 'mysterious' people, 'lost' and 'timeless' islands and 'undisturbed' and 'untouched' ecosystems in their advertising, because the use of such terms sends negative messages concerning superior/inferior stereotyping of guests and hosts (Karwacki and Boyd, 1995), and perpetuates an inaccurate representation of destinations to consumers. This miseducation of guests and misrepresentation of hosts is a prime factor in the current relationship between current destination viability and future economic, environmental and socio-cultural success.…”

Section: Further Supply and Demand Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourism and sustainable development: an analysis of policy and guidelines for managing provision and consumption

1999

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This paper reviews some of the literature and guidance provided for businesses considering responses to the environmental aspects and impacts of their tourist activities. It concentrates on the role of individual business organizations within the tourism industry and examines both supply‐side (production) and demand‐side (consumption) policies. In its review of a number of guidelines the paper attempts to make recommendations for improving both the provision of tourism services through supply chain management and destination management, and the education of the consumer in ways which make tourism more consistent with the concept of sustainable development. This emphasizes the need for businesses involved in tourism provision not only to look at the supply side and the demand side of their activities but also to provide stronger signals between the two parts so that more meaningful progress is made towards sustainable tourism. It places considerable emphasis on the role of intermediaries in bridging the gap between demand and supply. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

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Section: Further Supply and Demand Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourism and sustainable development: an analysis of policy and guidelines for managing provision and consumption

1999

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“…Acott et al, 1998;Karwacki & Boyd, 1995;Fennell, 2004;Fennell & Malloy, 1995Malloy & Fennell, 1998b;Stark, 2002). The general conclusion from these papers is that ecotourism should represent good, right and authentic behaviour; being deontological rather than teleological in nature; and occurring at the end of an environmental spectrum that includes ecocentrism, Gianism, the New Environmental Paradigm, and Deep Ecology.…”

Section: Ecotourismmentioning

confidence: 88%

Attitudes Towards the Environment and Ecotourism of Stakeholders in the UK Tourism Industry with Particular Reference to Ornithological Tour Operators

Jackson

2007

Journal of Ecotourism

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The attitudes towards the environment in general and towards ecotourism in particular are assessed for several groups of stakeholders (including ornithological tour operators, members of a conservation group, and potential specialist and general ecotourists) in the UK tourism sector. The New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) scale is used to measure general attitude and an ecotourism scale (TES) used to measure specific attitudes. A simple model is proposed and tested linking general and specific attitudes to behaviour. All groups score highly on the NEP scale but the scores are lower on the TES scale. Not surprisingly, the conservation group scores most highly on both scales, and although the tour operators score highly on the NEP scale they have the lowest score on the TES scale. It is suggested that this represents a lack of willingness to adopt ecotourism principles if they interfere with business operations. Significant correlations were measured between the NEP and TES scales suggesting that general attitudes affect specific attitudes. No significant relationships were established between attitudes and stated or implied behaviour based on the tour operators' brochures. This again suggests that there is a reluctance to translate good intentions into practice. The ethical positions of the groups are discussed and implications for the tour operators addressed.

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“…The zoo does not allow for this, nor will it ever, in its present form. For theorists and practitioners who seek guidance on what might constitute the ethical use of animals in an ecotourism context, the following first principle is offered as a way forward: This principle builds off previous studies that argue for the inclusion of an ethical imperative in ecotourism (see, for example, Fennell, 2006;Fennell & Malloy, 1995;Karwacki & Boyd, 1995;Smith & Duffy, 2003), and corresponds to the deontological school of ethics, which reasons that what is morally right is that which abides by rules, guidelines, duties or principles independent of the consequences of actions or inactions (Fennell & Malloy, 2007; see also Przeclawski, 1996). In doing one's duty, such as the duty to never tell a lie, we are doing enough.…”

Section: Zoos = = = = = Ecotourismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contesting the zoo as a setting for ecotourism, and the design of a first principle

Fennell

2013

Journal of Ecotourism

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This article uses animal ethics theory to address the issue of whether zoos are a morally acceptable form of ecotourism. Arguments in favour of the zoo as ecotourism have justified this stance according to education and conservation factors. However, a survey of literature on zoos points to the fact that they are not as effective in the area of conservation as they contend, nor do they educate visitors at a level that would be deemed meaningful and long-lasting. In the absence of success in these areas, it is argued that zoos should not be viewed as a morally acceptable setting for ecotourism; a contention supported through the use of animal ethics theory -in particular utilitarianism, animal welfare and animal rights. The article concludes by offering a first principle for ecotourism that may be useful in determining what constitutes the acceptable use of animals for ecotourism, and what does not.

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Ethics and Ecotourism

Cited by 14 publications

References 8 publications

Tourism and sustainable development: an analysis of policy and guidelines for managing provision and consumption

Tourism and sustainable development: an analysis of policy and guidelines for managing provision and consumption

Attitudes Towards the Environment and Ecotourism of Stakeholders in the UK Tourism Industry with Particular Reference to Ornithological Tour Operators

Contesting the zoo as a setting for ecotourism, and the design of a first principle

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