“…The outcomes of institutional racism can be seen in the greater likelihood of ethnic minority people to have more negative pathways through care, poorer access to effective services and interventions, and poorer outcomes. This is present in education (Alexander and Shankley, 2020), health and social care (Chouhan and Nazroo, 2020;Kapadia et al, 2022), housing (Shankley and Finney, 2020), arts and culture (Malik and Shankley, 2020), and politics (Sobolewska and Shankley, 2020). It is most striking in those institutions that have a regulatory or disciplinary function, such as criminal justice (Shankley and Williams, 2020) and mental health .…”