Ethyl sulphate: a direct ethanol metabolite reflecting recent alcohol consumption

Abstract

The data from patients and volunteers suggest that the direct ethanol metabolite ethyl sulphate has the potential to serve as a biomarker of recent ethanol intake. Because EtG and EtS are formed via different pathways they might be used conjointly, thereby increasing sensitivity.

Identification of N-Acetyltaurine as a Novel Metabolite of Ethanol through Metabolomics-guided Biochemical Analysis

“…Standard curves of creatinine, EtG, and NAT ranging from 10 to 500 M were prepared using dynamic range enhancement function of SYNAPT QTOF-MS (30). Urinary concentrations of EtG and NAT were determined by the integration of peak area and fitting with the standard curve using QuanLynx TM software (Waters) and expressed as the molar ratio to creatinine.…”

“…Many analytical approaches have been adopted for this purpose. For instance, metabolite analyses have identified EtG 2 and ethyl sulfate, two minor metabolites of ethanol, as the indicators of ethanol exposure (29,30), whereas enzymatic assays have established ␥-glutamyltransferase and transaminases as the markers of liver injury (31,32). In addition, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in the serum, mean corpuscular volume of red blood cell, and acetaldehyde adducts have also been used for detecting ethanol abuse (31,33,34).…”

Ethanol Sulfation by the Human Cytosolic Sulfotransferases: A Systematic Analysis

“…3,4) Upon ethanol ingestion, ethyl sulfate and ethyl glucuronide are excreted for a considerably longer period of time than ethanol, hence allowing urine testing of these minor ethanol metabolites as a sensitive method to screen for alcohol ingestion. 3,[5][6][7] More recently, ethyl sulfate and ethyl glucuronide have also been implicated as biomarkers for in utero exposure to ethanol. [8][9][10] While the physiological relevance of ethanol sulfation remains unknown, the capacity of metabolizing ethanol to acetate had been shown to be much lower in fetuses than in adults due to the low level of the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase.…”

Determination of ethyl sulfate – a marker for recent ethanol consumption – in human urine by CE with indirect UV detection

“…Up to now, EtS was solely determined in urine and it appears that it has a detection window comparable to that of ethyl glucuronide [10,11]. Due to differences in the metabolic formation of ethyl glucuronide and EtS, the determination of the latter can for example be employed to confirm ethyl glucuronide positive samples.…”