Etiologic factors in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents

Foy, David W.; Madvig, Brian T.; Pynoos, Robert S.; Camilleri, Angela J.

doi:10.1016/0022-4405(96)00003-9

Cited by 120 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A strong relationship has been reported between parent functioning (including parents' posttraumatic stress symptoms) and later child posttraumatic stress after a variety of traumatic experiences. [31][32][33][34] The current results suggest that child and parent acute stress symptoms do not always co-occur; therefore, assessing the relative contributions of child and parent acute responses to later child outcomes is an important question for future investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Acute Stress Disorder Symptoms in Children and Their Parents After Pediatric Traffic Injury

et al. 2002

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ABSTRACT. Objective. The American Academy of Pediatrics highlights the important role of pediatricians in recognizing adverse child responses to tragic events, such as traffic crashes. One challenge in effectively identifying children and their parents with troubling psychological responses to trauma is that little is known about the normal range of acute psychological responses in children and their parents in the immediate aftermath of traumatic events, making identification of adverse child responses difficult. Within the first month after a traumatic event, individuals may display reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms as well as dissociation (eg, feelings of unreality or emotional numbing). The presence of these responses, collectively known as acute stress disorder (ASD), alerts providers to those who may be at risk for ongoing difficulties. For beginning to develop an evidence base to guide pediatric care providers in addressing acute traumatic responses, the aim of the current investigation was to describe systematically the range and type of symptoms of ASD in children and their parents after pediatric traffic injury.Methods. A prospective cohort study was conducted of traffic-injured children, who were 5 to 17 years of age and admitted to the hospital for treatment of injuries from traffic crashes, and their parents. All children who met eligibility criteria between July 1999 and May 2000 were invited to participate in the study. After consent/ assent was obtained, children and their custodial parents (or guardians) were interviewed within 1 month after injury via a structured assessment to determine the circumstances of the crash and the presence of ASD symptoms. Relevant demographic and clinical information (eg, age, race, gender, date of injury) was abstracted from the medical records of subjects. A survey instrument to assess the presence of ASD symptoms was completed by both the child and his or her guardian. All children completed the Child Acute Stress Questionnaire, and all parents completed the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire. Responses were scored for the presence of dissociation, reexperiencing, avoidance, and/or hyperarousal symptoms as well as broad distress (symptoms present in every category).Results. Symptoms of ASD were commonly observed in the children and parents. Eighty-eight percent of children and 83% of parents reported having at least 1 clinically significant symptom; this affected 90% of the families. Broad distress was observed for a large minority: 28% of children and 23% of parents. No statistically significant association was found between child broad distress and either child age (r ‫؍‬ ؊0.12) or child injury severity score (r ‫؍‬ ؊0.05). 2 analyses revealed no significant association between broad distress and child gender, child race, or mechanism of injury. No statistically significant association was found between parent broad distress and child age (r ‫؍‬ ؊0.06) or child injury severity score (r ‫؍‬ 0.09). 2 analyses revealed no significant ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Acute Stress Disorder Symptoms in Children and Their Parents After Pediatric Traffic Injury

et al. 2002

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“…In a review of 25 studies Foy and colleagues [12] found exposure to be one of three factors (severity of trauma exposure, trauma-related parental distress, and temporal proximity to trauma) that consistently mediated PTSD development in children. A relationship between level of exposure and PTSD has been found in studies of natural disasters [13][14][15] community violence [16,17] and political conflict [18][19][20].…”

Section: The Omagh Bombingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In warfare studies of PTSD in children, incidence rates between 25% to 70% are reported depending on type of exposure and type of warfare [2,22]. A number of studies have reported level of exposure and trauma severity as two main risk factors of PTSD [12,[23][24][25]. Trickey and colleagues [5] have identified trauma severity as the trauma characteristic most strongly associated with risk of PTSD in children and adolescents but suggest that trauma severity may be difficult to differentiate from trauma exposure.…”

Section: The Omagh Bombingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have also been conflicting findings regarding the relationship between gender and PTSD with some studies recording PTSD in girls at twice the rate as in boys [7]. Whist several studies have reported gender as a significant risk factor [12,21,24,29,32], Trickey and colleagues [5] reported female gender to be a consistent although statistically small risk factor and a stronger risk factor in older children and adolescents and also when the trauma is unintentional. Whilst girls seem more vulnerable to internalizing stress reactions, boys display more externalizing behaviour disturbance [24,33].…”

Section: The Omagh Bombingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A School Based Study of Psychological Disturbance in Children Following the Omagh Bomb

McDermott¹,

Duffy²,

Percy³

et al. 2015

Holistic Perspectives on Trauma

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Objective: To assess the extent and nature of psychiatric morbidity among children (aged 8 to 13 years) 15 months after a car bomb explosion in the town of Omagh, Northern Ireland.Method: A survey was conducted of 1945 school children attending 13 schools in the Omagh district. Questionnaires included demographic details, measures of exposure, the Horowitz Impact of Events Scale, the Birleson Self-Rating Depression Scale, and the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale.Results: Children directly exposed to the bomb reported higher levels of probable PTSD (70%), and psychological distress than those not exposed. Direct exposure was more closely associated with an increase in PTSD symptoms than in general psychiatric distress. Significant predictors of increased IES scores included being male, witnessing people injured and reporting a perceived life threat but when co-morbid anxiety and depression are included as potential predictors anxiety remains the only significant predictor of PTSD scores. Conclusions:School-based studies are a potentially valuable means of screening and assessing for PTSD in children after large-scale tragedies. Assessment should consider type of exposure, perceived life threat and other co-morbid anxiety as risk factors for PTSD.

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“…Similarly, 49 percent of female juvenile offenders demonstrated symptoms of PTSD (Cauffman, Feldman, Waterman, & Steiner, 1998). Foy et al indicate that the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among adolescents is a function of the maltreatment, abuse, neglect and violence to which they are exposed (Foy, Madvig, Pynoos, & Camilleri, 1996). In 2001, the National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect documented that almost one million children were identified by state child protective service agencies to be victims of child abuse and neglect.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structured Sensory Therapy (SITCAP-ART) for Traumatized Adjudicated Adolescents in Residential Treatment

Raider

Steele²,

Delillo-Storey³

et al. 2008

Residential Treatment for Children & Youth

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Etiologic factors in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents

Cited by 120 publications

References 21 publications

Acute Stress Disorder Symptoms in Children and Their Parents After Pediatric Traffic Injury

Acute Stress Disorder Symptoms in Children and Their Parents After Pediatric Traffic Injury

A School Based Study of Psychological Disturbance in Children Following the Omagh Bomb

Structured Sensory Therapy (SITCAP-ART) for Traumatized Adjudicated Adolescents in Residential Treatment

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