Etiology, pathophysiology and biomarkers of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome

Abstract

Due to the fact that this disease is of an intricate nature, and that many of its symptoms overlap with other concomitant diseases, it could be suggested to classify the patients with emphasis on the phenotype, as well as their symptom clusters, to tailor the diagnostic and management choices according to the observed biomarkers.

Linaclotide inhibits colonic and urinary bladder hypersensitivity in adult female rats following unpredictable neonatal stress

“…Classified as IBS with diarrhea (IBS‐D), constipation (IBS‐C), or mixed IBS (IBS‐M), this disorder is estimated to affect 10%‐20% of adolescents and adults and exhibits a significant female predominance . Moreover, IBS patients frequently suffer from a number of associated regional or systemic pain disorders, including bladder pain syndrome (BPS), a chronic pelvic pain condition featuring abnormal urination frequency, increased urgency, and pain related to bladder filling . Similar to IBS, BPS primarily affects women of reproductive age .…”

“…[1][2][3] Moreover, IBS patients frequently suffer from a number of associated regional or systemic pain disorders, including bladder pain syndrome (BPS), 4 a chronic pelvic pain condition featuring abnormal urination frequency, increased urgency, and pain related to bladder filling. 5 Similar to IBS, BPS primarily affects women of reproductive age. 6 As many as 40%-60% of IBS patients exhibit BPS symptoms, while up to 50% of BPS patients fulfill the criteria for IBS.…”

Molecular pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome based on gene expression

“…Thus, the presentation of IC/PBS is heterogeneous. In addition, there are no gold standards in the identification of this disorder to date and several symptoms common to these comorbid diseases, such as differential diagnosis, have to be excluded to find appropriate treatment for IC/PBS (Patnaik et al, ), and subjects often undergo prolonged evaluations, including invasive testing like biopsy, urodynamic, and cystoscopy (Colaco et al, ). So, determination of gene expression and its role in different signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of this heterogeneous disorder contribute to the more efficient cognition of the pathophysiology of this disease and to the design of effective treatment strategies.…”

Urine: Waste product or biologically active tissue?

“…Investigators have used sophisticated methods such as mass spectrometry to identify and catalog concentrations of exosomes, cells, proteins, and other small molecules in urine to identify constituents that might predict or indicate the presence of diseases such as urinary incontinence (UI), overactive bladder, interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), and UTIs . The current status of urine biomarkers for IC/BPS recently has been reviewed; to date no urine biomarker has been determined to be diagnostic …”

“…[5][6][7][8][9][10] The current status of urine biomarkers for IC/BPS recently has been reviewed; to date no urine biomarker has been determined to be diagnostic. 11 Notwithstanding, urine may play roles in human health beyond waste excretion. Anecdotal reports suggest that lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) such as frequency, urgency and pain/discomfort vary considerably during the course of a day and may be provoked by certain types of fluids, food, and circumstances that alter urine composition.…”