EU Regulation of New Plant Breeding Technologies and their Possible Economic Implications for the EU and Beyond

Wesseler, Justus; Purnhagen, Kai P.

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3685776

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Patent licensing of the resistance genes can thus be a tool to stimulate breeders to develop varieties with stacked resistance genes instead of single-gene constructs and, as a next step, like in the Bt cases, to oblige farmers to employ IRM and use the aforementioned decision support systems. Until now, there have not been applications for the authorization of cisgenic potato varieties within the EU due to the current registration hurdles [15,18]. Cisgenic late blight-resistant varieties are also being developed in the US, where (in contrast to what one may expect from an optimal IRM system) variants with a single gene have been authorized, but stacks of three genes are expected by 2025 (https://spudman.com/article/biotechpotatoes-improved-performance-quality-global-markets/, accessed on 1 June 2021).…”

Section: Late Blight Resistance Management In Potatoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Intellectual Property Systems in Plant Breeding for Ensuring Deployment of Good Agricultural Practices

2021

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Breeding innovations are relevant for sustainable agricultural development and food security, as new, resilient production systems require crop varieties optimally suited for these systems. In the societal debate around genetic engineering and other plant breeding innovations, ownership of patents on the technology used in the hands of large companies is often seen as a reason that small breeding companies are denied opportunities for further improving varieties or that farmers are restricted in using such varieties. However, intellectual property (IP) systems may also be used as tools to ensure the use of good agricultural practices when cultivating the resulting varieties. This paper explores documented cases in which IP systems (plant variety rights, patents and brand names) are used to promote that innovative varieties are grown according to good agricultural practices (GAP). These include effective disease resistance management regimes in innovative crop varieties of potato in order to prevent or delay pathogens from overcoming disease resistance genes, management regimes for transgenic insect-resistant Bt or herbicide-tolerant crops to prevent the development of resistant pests or weeds, respectively. The results are discussed with respect to the influence of breeders on GAP measures through various forms of IP and the contribution and role of other stakeholders, authorities and society at large in stimulating and ensuring the use of GAP.

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Section: Late Blight Resistance Management In Potatoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Intellectual Property Systems in Plant Breeding for Ensuring Deployment of Good Agricultural Practices

2021

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“…Similarly, the EU's recent ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union in 2018 puts plants produce by GE methods under the regulation of GMO products. This ruling has been accessed as harming the delivery of novel cultivars and hindering the EU's economic advantage on the world stage (Cision, 2016;Chenet et al, 2019;Wesseler and Purnhagen, 2020). The commercialization of crops produced by GE follows a stepwise processes of risk assessment followed by risk management.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods of crop improvement and applications towards fortifying food security

Patel,

Miles,

Strackhouse

et al. 2023

Front. Genome Ed.

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Agriculture has supported human life from the beginning of civilization, despite a plethora of biotic (pests, pathogens) and abiotic (drought, cold) stressors being exerted on the global food demand. In the past 50 years, the enhanced understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms in plants has led to novel innovations in biotechnology, resulting in the introduction of desired genes/traits through plant genetic engineering. Targeted genome editing technologies such as Zinc-Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) have emerged as powerful tools for crop improvement. This new CRISPR technology is proving to be an efficient and straightforward process with low cost. It possesses applicability across most plant species, targets multiple genes, and is being used to engineer plant metabolic pathways to create resistance to pathogens and abiotic stressors. These novel genome editing (GE) technologies are poised to meet the UN’s sustainable development goals of “zero hunger” and “good human health and wellbeing.” These technologies could be more efficient in developing transgenic crops and aid in speeding up the regulatory approvals and risk assessments conducted by the US Departments of Agriculture (USDA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

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“…Many countries such as Argentina and Brazil made the same decision and exempted varieties from regulation when there is no insertion of transgenes (Custers, 2017). In 2018, the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) decided that gene-edited crops should be subject to the same stringent regulations as GMOs and would need to undergo the lengthy approval process (ECJ, 2018;Wesseler & Purnhagen, 2020;Eriksson et al, 2018). So far, it is unclear how China will regulate genome editing.…”

Section: Background and Problem Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

New rice biotechnology in China: approval, adoption, and stakeholders’ views

Jin

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vi Dr. Rico Ihle. I still remember how excited I was when Koos knocked on my door and asked whether I could help as a teaching assistant for Advanced Econometrics. Since then, we have worked together intensively in our courses in the past three years and on a paper-a long, wonderful experience. Jack thinks chocolate will make people happier under any circumstances, so he gave me a whole package without asking why after he saw me crying alone in my office. He also trusted me and gave me the opportunity to explore my teaching potential in the Economics of Agribusiness course. Rico guided me to build my first model in R. Since then, I have developed my interest and ability in programming sophisticated simulations. These are all very warm, precious moments that I will remember my whole life.Although I cannot list all members of the AEP chair group, the ones listed here deserve my special thanks (office order

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EU Regulation of New Plant Breeding Technologies and their Possible Economic Implications for the EU and Beyond

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

The Use of Intellectual Property Systems in Plant Breeding for Ensuring Deployment of Good Agricultural Practices

The Use of Intellectual Property Systems in Plant Breeding for Ensuring Deployment of Good Agricultural Practices

Methods of crop improvement and applications towards fortifying food security

New rice biotechnology in China: approval, adoption, and stakeholders’ views

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