Eulerian model evaluation field study (EMEFS): A summary of surface network measurements and data quality

McNaughton, Daniel J.; Vet, Robert

doi:10.1016/1352-2310(95)00273-2

Cited by 29 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In this subsection, we make substantial use of surface observations of SO 2 , sulfate and wet deposition of sulfate corrected for sea salt from the Eulerian Model Evaluation Field Study (EMEFS) over North America [ McNaughton and Vet , 1996], and the Cooperative Program for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) [ Schaug et al , 1987]. The EMEFS data used in this study cover the period from July 1988 to May 1990, and were processed as described by Kasibhatla et al [1997].…”

Section: Control Simulation: Results and Comparison With Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of the tropospheric sulfur cycle in a global model with a physically based cloud scheme

Rotstayn

Lohmann

2002

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] The treatment of the sulfur cycle in the CSIRO global climate model (GCM) is described. It is substantially based on the scheme developed previously for the European Center/Hamburg (ECHAM) model, but the treatment of wet scavenging has been completely rewritten to better reflect the different properties of liquid and frozen precipitation, and the treatment of these in the model's cloud microphysical scheme. The model is able to reproduce the observed finding that wet deposition of sulfur over Europe and North America is larger in summer than in winter, but the seasonal cycle of sulfate over Europe is not well simulated. The latter is improved when the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of European emissions is increased. Below-cloud scavenging makes an important contribution in our scheme: On omitting it, the global sulfate burden increases from 0.67 to 0.93 Tg S. On reverting to the less efficient scavenging treatment used in ECHAM, the global sulfate burden again increases from 0.67 to 0.93 Tg S, and excessive sulfate concentrations are obtained in Europe and North America. Some deficiencies in the simulation are investigated via further sensitivity tests. In particular, during the Arctic winter, the modeled sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) concentrations are too large, and the modeled sulfate concentrations are too small (as in most global sulfur-cycle models). Recent laboratory experiments suggest that SO 2 oxidation in ice clouds is nonnegligible. We obtain a much improved Arctic simulation when a simple treatment of SO 2 oxidation in ice clouds is included.

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Section: Control Simulation: Results and Comparison With Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of the tropospheric sulfur cycle in a global model with a physically based cloud scheme

Rotstayn

Lohmann

2002

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…Quality assurance and quality control of the CAPMoN ionic data have been reviewed in a major field experiment. 3,4 Interlaboratory precision has been determined to be ±0.24 µg/m 3 for SO 4 -with 4.5% relative uncertainty. For the CAPMoN operation in isolation, the detection limit for SO 4 -is 0.02 µg/m 3 with slightly better detection limits for Na + and K + .…”

Section: Sampling and Analytical Procedures In Capmonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter-Laboratory Comparison of Air Particulate Monitoring Data

Nejedlý

Campbell

Teesdale

et al. 1998

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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This paper compares three analytical methods that are often used to analyze composition of atmospheric aerosol: Ion Chromatography (IC), Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). Three monitoring studies are discussed: (1) a comparison of air particulate data collected by several independent sampler/analytical technique suites run by different laboratories; (2) a study involving two identical samplers and a single suite of analytical techniques; and (3) analysis of identical aerosol samples by two different techniques (XRF vs. PIXE). While the XRF versus PIXE project shows a very good agreement for most elements, the first interlaboratory study demonstrates the "real-life" noise introduced into the final data set by various sampling complications and different collection characteristics of the samplers used. The XRF versus PIXE study also revealed an unexplained deviation in measured sulphur concentrations for very lightly loaded samples. In the five-sampler comparison, two data sets provided by IC were approximately 20% lower than the three data sets obtained by PIXE and XRF. When two identical IMPROVE-compatible samplers were used and samples were subjected to similar procedures and the same analytical techniques, the variability between the two air concentration data sets significantly decreased.

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“…However, while the concentration of aerosol nitrate is typically small in the eastern United States, there is often significant gas-phase nitric acid around these particles. 8 As SO 2 emissions are reduced and the concentration of sulfate aerosol decreases, some of this nitric acid may enter the aerosol phase. 9 Where this occurs, reductions of SO 2 emissions will be significantly less effective than expected at reducing PM 2.5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, we determine how prevalent the conditions are for PM 2.5 to respond nonlinearly to changes in sulfate concentration in the eastern United States, using ambient measurements collected in the Eulerian Model Evaluation Field Study (EMEFS) from June 1988 to May 1990. 8 We use the results of Ansari and Pandis, 11 who used an equilibrium model 18 to estimate the conditions for a nonlinear response to changes in sulfate concentration in the system of sulfate-nitrate-ammonium-water. These conditions are functions of temperature and relative humidity (RH), as well as the concentrations of sulfate, total nitrate, and total ammonia (gas plus aerosol phase).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marginal PM₂₅: Nonlinear Aerosol Mass Response to Sulfate Reductions in the Eastern United States

West

Ansari

Pandis

1999

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

123

141

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Reductions in airborne sulfate concentration may cause inorganic fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) to respond nonlinearly, as nitric acid gas may transfer to the aerosol phase. Where this occurs, reductions in sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions will be much less effective than expected at reducing PM 2.5 . As a measure of the efficacy of reductions in sulfate concentration on PM 2.5 , we define marginal PM 2.5 as the local change in PM 2.5 resulting from a small change in sulfate concentration. Using seasonalaverage conditions and assuming thermodynamic equilibrium, we find that the conditions for PM 2.5 to respond nonlinearly to sulfate reductions are common in the eastern United States in winter, occurring at half of the sites considered, and uncommon in summer, due primarily to the influence of temperature. Accounting for diurnal and intraseasonal variability, we find that seasonal-average conditions provide a reasonable indicator of the time-averaged PM 2.5 response. These results indicate that reductions in IMPLICATIONS Reductions in SO 2 emissions are likely to be less effective than expected at reducing annual average PM 2.5 at many locations in the eastern United States, due to the consequent increase in aerosol nitrate. Where SO 2 emissions reductions are ineffective, a combination of controls on SO 2 with oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) or ammonia, or controls on organics, may be necessary to reduce PM 2.5 . Controls on NO x proposed to address ozone standards may therefore be a necessary component of a strategy to reduce PM 2.5 . This work also highlights the need for gasphase measurements of nitric acid and ammonia in order to estimate the PM 2.5 response.

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Eulerian model evaluation field study (EMEFS): A summary of surface network measurements and data quality

Cited by 29 publications

References 5 publications

Simulation of the tropospheric sulfur cycle in a global model with a physically based cloud scheme

Simulation of the tropospheric sulfur cycle in a global model with a physically based cloud scheme

Inter-Laboratory Comparison of Air Particulate Monitoring Data

Marginal PM₂₅: Nonlinear Aerosol Mass Response to Sulfate Reductions in the Eastern United States

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Eulerian model evaluation field study (EMEFS): A summary of surface network measurements and data quality

Cited by 29 publications

References 5 publications

Simulation of the tropospheric sulfur cycle in a global model with a physically based cloud scheme

Simulation of the tropospheric sulfur cycle in a global model with a physically based cloud scheme

Inter-Laboratory Comparison of Air Particulate Monitoring Data

Marginal PM25: Nonlinear Aerosol Mass Response to Sulfate Reductions in the Eastern United States

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Marginal PM₂₅: Nonlinear Aerosol Mass Response to Sulfate Reductions in the Eastern United States