Euro VII and Beyond with Hydrogen Combustion for Commercial Vehicle Applications: From Concept to Series Development

Rezaei, Reza; Kovacs, David; Hayduk, Christopher; Mennig, Marian; Delebinski, Thaddaeus

doi:10.4271/2021-01-1196

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…First of all, as hydrogen is well suited for lean operation, it was decided to fix the relative A/F ratio, λ, to the value of 2 based on the indications from the literature [4]. This choice is reported to be beneficial for fuel consumption and allows the NOx emissions and the engine thermal stress to be reduced to a great extent [28,29]. Second, the DI injection strategy was considered for the H 2 engine in order reduce the effect of the lower fuel density with respect to methane [24,25].…”

Section: Full-load Curve Under H 2 Fuelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A remarkable research effort has been concentrated on natural-gas direct injection [11,19,24,25], which represents a promising solution to reduce the hydrogen engine performance gap with respect to gasoline. Several authors [26][27][28][29][30][31] also point out that possible issues about NOx emissions might arise in the design and calibration of hydrogen engines. In [28], a single-cylinder research engine was supercharged, substantially increasing the power output.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recycling part of the exhaust gases (EGR) allowed stoichiometric supercharged operation, increasing the maximum power output to gasoline levels and higher, while still enabling efficiency after treatment. Rezaei et al [29] found that a good match of the turbocharger group is essential, since a drop in lambda value (air-fuel ratio), e.g., in the full load range or at rated power, results in a rapid increase in NOx emissions. Similarly, Bulgarini et al [30] hinted at possible issues during transient when trade-off between power density and NOx are considered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Performance Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines: Feasibility Study and Optimization via 1D-CFD Modeling

Misul,

Scopelliti,

Baratta

2024

Energies

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Hydrogen-powered mobility is believed to be crucial in the future, as hydrogen constitutes a promising solution to make up for the non-programmable character of the renewable energy sources. In this context, the hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine represents one of the suitable technical solutions for the future of sustainable mobility. As a matter of fact, hydrogen engines suffer from limitations in volumetric efficiency due to the very low density of the fuel. Consequently, hydrogen-fueled ICEs can reach sufficient torque and power density only if suitable supercharging solutions are developed. Moreover, gaseous-engine performance can be improved to a great extent if direct injection is applied. In this perspective, a remarkable know-how has been developed in the last two decades on NG engines, which can be successfully exploited in this context. The objective of this paper is twofold. In the first part, a feasibility study has been carried out with reference to a typical 2000cc SI engine by means of 1D simulations. This study was aimed at characterizing the performance on the full load curve with respect to a baseline PFI engine fueled by NG. In this phase, the turbocharging/supercharging device has not been included in the model in order to quantify the attainable benefits in the absence of any limitation coming from the turbocharger. In the second part of this paper, the conversion of a prototype 1400cc direct injection NG engine, running with stoichiometric mixture, to run on a lean hydrogen combustion mode has been investigated via 1D simulations. The matching between engine and turbocharger has been included in the model, and the effects of two different turbomatching choices have been presented and discussed.

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Section: Full-load Curve Under H 2 Fuelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Performance Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines: Feasibility Study and Optimization via 1D-CFD Modeling

Misul,

Scopelliti,

Baratta

2024

Energies

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“…Although this contribution considers the use of hydrogen and diesel as a 'dual fuel' combination in the context of converting an existing heavy duty engine design within supervisory calibration, many of the issues at stake are common with ab initio designs or recalibrations. References [5], [6] and [7] provide comprehensive reviews, with [8] providing emphasis on the use of biodiesel, and [9] and [10] considering specifically heavy duty engines, the former in the context of the 'reactivity controlled compression ignition' mode of combustion. Although direct injection of hydrogen may well have advantages, [11], [12], [13], it is not an appropriate technology for conversion of a production engine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Converting a production 6-cylinder Heavy Duty Engine to Dual-fuel mode operation using supervisory calibration and manifold injection

Emeriquea

Jasperb

Hardalupasa

et al. 2022

COMODIA

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Carbon dioxide emissions from heavy-duty vehicles can be reduced by converting, or retrofitting, conventional diesel engines into "dual fuel" mode operation using hydrogen and diesel fuel. Conversion can involve small and relatively cheap changes to design, thereby allowing a diesel engine to be fuelled by either conventionally, using diesel fuel (direct injection), or in conjunction with hydrogen (indirect injection -"fumigation") in the intake manifold. We evaluate the conversion of a production, 6-cylinder 12.7L truck engine to run in dual fuel mode. Commercially viable conversions would permit, in the short term, the no-regrets 'pump priming' of a hydrogen pricing, production, storage and distribution infrastructure which, in the medium term, could also benefit the development of hydrogen-powered inshore marine vessels and trucks powered by, for example, fuel cells. The aim of this work was to establish the limitations and advantages of pursuing the conversion of an in-production heavy duty engine to dual fuel operation with the least changes to the engine.The conversion used supervisory calibration, which consisted in maximizing the amount of hydrogen injection on top of diesel fuel, without any optimization of the other engine parameters. The strategy was, at a given operating point, to decrease the load seen by the diesel ECU while also increasing hydrogen injection until the torque at this operating point was recovered. As a result, the load 'detected' by the diesel ECU was lower when the engine was running on the dual fuel mode than when it was running on diesel fuel only. The displacement of diesel fuel by hydrogen directly resulted in a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Nevertheless, the variability of the hydrogen-air premixed mixture combustion was kept under control and, in particular, knock had to be avoided.At low loads, up to 70% of the energy required to drive the truck could be provided by hydrogen. This percentage decreased quickly with increasing load and fell to about 25 − 35% at medium loads. Diesel fuel displacement increased with engine speed until a limit around 1800 𝑟𝑝𝑚. In some areas, an increase in engine-out 𝑁𝑂 𝑥 emissions (increase from 257 𝑝𝑝𝑚 to 523 𝑝𝑝𝑚 at most) were noted when the engine ran on dual fuel, although in other areas, a reduction in engine-out 𝑁𝑂 𝑥 emissions was observed (decrease from 255 𝑝𝑝𝑚 to 139 𝑝𝑝𝑚 at most). These increases engine-out NOx emissions were converted by the SCR aftertreatment system which maintained a >99% conversion efficiency when the SCR temperature was above 275°C, so the tailpipe emissions remained within current legal limits. Also, there were some areas with poor combustion efficiency, with a corresponding increase in exhaust hydrogen concentrations, which were due, at least in part, to the use of a combination of deliberately unoptimized parameters such as injection timings, boost pressure and EGR ratio because these were derived the original, diesel-only, calibration. Consequently, these parameters were set by the diesel ECU for that 'd...

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Hot Deformation Behavior and Dynamic Recrystallization of a Medium Carbon Cr–Mo Steel for Class 16.8 Bolts

Lee¹,

Jo²,

Jang³

2023

Met. Mater. Int.

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This study investigates the hot workability of medium carbon Cr–Mo steels for manufacturing ultra-high strength bolts. The main purpose of this research is to establish a constitutive equation and a kinetic model of dynamic recrystallization of the material for industrial applications. Hot torsion tests were conducted at temperatures of 1173, 1273, and 1373 K and strain rates of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0/s. Strain rate sensitivities and work-hardening coefficients of the material were calculated at various strain rates and temperatures using the Fields–Backofen equation. Results indicated that the material’s strain rate sensitivities and work-hardening coefficients generally increased with temperature. Stress–strain curves showed a general variation depending on the strain rates and the deformation temperatures, with higher strain rates and lower temperatures resulting in increased flow stresses. However, peak stresses were not clearly observed due to the presence of Nb in the material. A constitutive equation for flow stresses was derived, with a thermal activation energy for deformation of 238.57 kJ/mol. Zener–Hollomon parameter was used to analyze the relationship between peak strains and critical strains, finding that the critical strains being about 0.17 times the peak strains. The volume fractions of dynamic recrystallization were estimated using an Avrami form of the kinetic equation, and the Avrami constants $$k$$ k and $$m$$ m were 0.84 and 6.89, respectively. The kinetic model of dynamic recrystallization that we developed can be applied to arbitrary deformation conditions, enabling the optimization of the hot rolling process for this material. Graphic Abstract

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Euro VII and Beyond with Hydrogen Combustion for Commercial Vehicle Applications: From Concept to Series Development

Cited by 10 publications

References 6 publications

High-Performance Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines: Feasibility Study and Optimization via 1D-CFD Modeling

High-Performance Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines: Feasibility Study and Optimization via 1D-CFD Modeling

Converting a production 6-cylinder Heavy Duty Engine to Dual-fuel mode operation using supervisory calibration and manifold injection

Hot Deformation Behavior and Dynamic Recrystallization of a Medium Carbon Cr–Mo Steel for Class 16.8 Bolts

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