European policy responses to climate change: progress on mainstreaming emissions reduction and adaptation

Escalating impacts of climate extremes on critical infrastructures in Europe

“…However, adaptation measures are very diverse and usually take place at the local level, with diverse regulatory, legal, and governance settings. These determine the type of measures chosen and level of investments as well as the scale at which the measures are implemented and the associating costing framework ( Berkhout et al, 2015 , Bouwer et al, 2013 ). Such local-scale information is not available at pan-European level and therefore is not considered in this study.…”

Sustainable Development Goal interactions through a climate lens: a global analysis

“…While mainstreaming climate policy has interactions with other targets that are mostly synergetic in our assessment, this target slightly restricts the targets on economic growth (8.1) and urbanization and industrialization (9.2). This minor restricting influence is likely due to the high emissions potential of these targets; as the mainstreaming of climate policies is intended to lead to lower emissions of greenhouse gases, this could counteract achieving these targets (Berkhout et al, 2015). For example, mainstreaming climate change into national budgets could redirect investments away from business as usual, such as fossil fuel subsidies, which could lead to an overall reduction in economic growth in the short term.…”

Mainstreaming Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Governance and Planning

“…The initial objective of climate policy mainstreaming was to integrate the objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions into other sectoral policies. Over time, the focus has gradually broadened and currently it also explicitly includes adaptation considerations (Berkhout et al 2015;Wamsler and Pauleit 2016).…”