Europeanization in reverse gear?

Abstract

The field known as Europeanization explains the domestic impact of the European Union (EU) by focusing on the origin of the EU impulse, the process through which the impulse is filtered, interpreted and used by constellations of domestic actors and institutions, and the outcomes in terms of convergence or differential Europe. This literature has, for good reason, tended to examine such processes in 'forward gear'; that is, studying the efforts to increase the domestic impact of the EU. In recent years, however, there have been several manifestations of strategies to reduce this impact and operate in 'reverse gear', thus seeking de-Europeanization effects. In this chapter, we draw on the established 'forward gear' conceptual and empirical tools to establish the broad outlines of a framework to account for de-Europeanization ('reverse gear'). We locate the origins of the impulse to de-Europeanize in both the EU's institutions themselves, and in the member states, and we examine the actors and processes which explain the extent to which this has ultimately taken place.

Re-articulating the form of the political: Contemporary education governance in the European Union. Introduction to the Special Issue

“…Understanding the complex relationships between European and domestic contexts is crucial in researching education governance in the current landscape involving the resurgence of the state, the rise of populism, geopolitical shifts, and new emphases on security and migration politics. Although these trends are not unique to Europe, they might indicate a new phase or iteration of Europeanisation, characterised by de-integration, de-regulation and differentiation (Radaelli and Exadaktylos, 2010; Radaelli and Salter, 2019). Simultaneously, the Covid-19 pandemic and ensuing economic crisis resulted in a strengthened commitment to collective policymaking, ‘coordinative Europeanisation’ (Ladi and Wolff, 2021: 32), and sense of EU territoriality (Coutts, 2022).…”

Putting the Common Security and Defense Policy in the Eastern Mediterranean under Scrutiny: Türkiye’s Conflicting Role

“…This analysis objective is to investigate the impact of Europeanisation on EU's goal to establish an international role and operational capacity to act when it comes to CSDP (S , paiuc 2021; McArdle 2020; Violakis 2018), and identify the reasons for Türkiye's adverse impact on Europeanisation as well as to investigate the role of Türkiye as a force for divergence amongst Member States in the process of Europeanisation (Europeanisation in Reverse Gear/De-Europeanisation) (Radaelli and Salter 2019;Violakis 2019;Radaelli 2004).…”

“…Radaelli argues that such cases reflect a situation where Europeanisation and de-Europeanisation happen simultaneously (Radaelli and Salter 2019). Hence, although Türkiye initially appeared to adopt a Europeanisation rhetoric in its international relations and EU relations, it has increasingly developed an internal rhetoric characterized by anti-European and anti-Western sentiments, leading to a growing distance from EU values and the normative framework (Middle East Policy 2023; Stockholm Center for Freedom 2018; Kaliber and Kaliber 2019, pp.…”

UK’s withdrawal from Justice and Home Affairs: a historical institutionalist analysis of policy trajectories

“…The Brexit referendum acts a priori as a critical juncture, driven (mostly) by internal factors, as it initiates a period of significant change that will 'produce distinct legacies' (Collier and Collier 2002, p. 29). Indeed, Brexit looks at first sight like a 'revolution', as unprecedented and as creating a new window of opportunity to de-Europeanise and 'take back control' (Radaelli and Salter 2019).…”