Europium concentration effects on the scintillation properties of Cs4SrI6:Eu and Cs4CaI6:Eu single crystals for use in gamma spectroscopy

Rutstrom, Daniel; Stand, Luis; Koschan, Merry; Melcher, Charles L.; Zhuravleva, Mariya

doi:10.1016/j.jlumin.2019.116740

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…7 show that a significant amount of energy transfer between Eu 2+ ions is observed even for the isolated [MX 6 ] 4− octahedra of Cs 4 EuX 6 . The light yield reported for undoped Cs 4 EuI 6 (53 000 ph per MeV) 24 is still significantly lower than that of the more diluted compounds Cs 4 CaI 6 :7%Eu (69 000 ph per MeV) and Cs 4 SrI 6 :9%Eu (78 000 ph per MeV), 15 as reported by the same research group. When cooling Cs 4 EuI 6 from 300 K to 78 K, the migration rate of the Eu 2+ excitations slows down while the light yield increases 10% to 20% ( Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…This assumption is justified as the photoluminescence decay time at room temperature converges to the same value of around 1.0 ms upon decreasing the Eu 2+ concentration to nearly 0% in Cs 4 CaI 6 and Cs 4 SrI 6 . 15 When increasing the temperature from 78 K to 300 K, t increases from 1.19 s to 4.80 s and accordingly a increases from 0.10 to 0.78. This shows that even in a small crystal of 3 Â 3 Â 2 mm 3 , 78% of the emitted photons are re-absorbed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Light yield and energy resolution typically tend to improve upon initial increase in Eu 2+ concentration, but above several percent doping with Eu 2+ these properties start to worsen again. [12][13][14][15][16] This is at least in part caused by the large overlap between the Eu 2+ excitation and emission spectrum, making Eu 2+ -doped halides prone to concentration quenching and, in the case of large crystals, selfabsorption. 3,17,18 Concentration quenching is caused by energy transfer between Eu 2+ ions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Avoiding concentration quenching and self-absorption in Cs₄EuX₆ (X = Br, I) by Sm²⁺ doping

2023

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Avoiding concentration quenching and self-absorption in Cs₄EuX₆ (X = Br, I) by Sm²⁺ doping

2023

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“…[ 129,130 ] In the halide perovskite scintillators, due to the presence of heavy atoms, it has a shorter X‐ray absorption length and favorable detection efficiency. [ 131–134 ] Therefore, the perovskite SCs scintillators have great potential in X‐ray detection due to its large thickness, high mass density, excellent energy response, and large absorption cross‐section.…”

Section: Scintillator Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Halide Perovskite, a Potential Scintillator for X‐Ray Detection

et al. 2020

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the coincidence efficiency. This indicates that the solid angle controlled by the PET system and the efficiency of the intrinsic detector are greater. [11,12] More significantly, the Compton events in the pulse height spectrum are mainly caused by scattering in the scintillator. Therefore, these deficiencies can be avoided by lowering the threshold. However, the signal provided by Compton scattering quanta in adjacent crystals may be higher than the threshold, and thus may affect the position resolution and make it worse. In X-ray computed tomography (CT), the body is mainly irradiated continuously from multiple directions by fan-shaped X-rays, while attenuation profiles are recorded, and finally reconstructed from the cross-sectional view of the body. [13] This technology mainly uses complex scanning methods in the field of clinical practice. At present, the realized way of X-rays detector can be roughly divided into two types, direct and indirect. The former one directly absorbs incident X-rays, generates electronic signals through semiconductors or engenders chemical signals through thin films. [14-17] This method can directly convert X-rays into visible light without going through other processes. Therefore, an X-ray detector with a wide linear response range, fast pulse rise time, high-energy resolution, and spatial resolution can be obtained, which makes it copiously applied in X-ray detection. [18-21] However, X-ray detectors based on semiconductors face the challenges of high cost and low efficiency. In addition, although the film is cheap, it is difficult to apply in digital form, which may limit its further development. The latter one refers to the conversion of X-rays (in the highenergy radiation, in addition to X-rays, α, β, and γ rays are also included) into ultraviolet visible (UV) light through scintillators which can be further captured by optical devices. [22-24] It consists of a scintillator and an array photodiode (PD). In contrast, since the scintillator that converts X-rays indirectly is cheap, it is easier to implement in the industry than direct detectors, and has the characteristics of low cost and abundant options, stability, and flexible conversion rate. [25,26] At present, indirect X-ray detectors are widely used in ordinary flat panel X-ray detectors. Moreover, it can be flexibly combined with commercially mature sensor arrays (e.g., amorphous silicon PDs, thin film transistor arrays, photomultiplier tubes, complementary metal oxide semiconductors, silicon avalanche PDs, and X-ray imaging charge-coupled devices [CCD]), therefore, they have attracted more attention. Scintillator is a unique class of luminescent materials, which is extensively used in many fields such as nondestructive testing, medical imaging, space probes, etc. Compared with the disadvantages of traditional scintillator materials which have high cost, are fragile, have long response time and low spatial resolution disadvantages, metal halide perovskites are considered to be the most potential scintillator materials in ...

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“…Crack‐free crystals of Φ 7 mm Cs 4 SrI 6 :Eu and Cs 4 CaI 6 :Eu with Eu 2+ concentrations ranging from 1% to 7% were grown by the Bridgman method. [ 100 ] Scintillators Cs 4 SrI 6 :Eu and Cs 4 CaI 6 :Eu had shown promising properties for gamma‐ray detection in homeland security applications, with <4% energy resolution (at 662 keV) and light yields above 50 000 photons per MeV.…”

Section: Growth Of Lead‐free Halide Perovskitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress of Metal Halide Perovskite Crystals From a Crystal Growth Point of View

et al. 2022

Cryst. Res. Technol.

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Metal halide perovskites are demonstrated to show fascinating optical and electronic properties, including highly efficient luminescence, outstanding carrier transport behavior, and large light absorption coefficient. In particular, halide perovskite single crystals are characterized with superior optoelectronic performance and enhanced stability, emerging as competitive candidates for applications in solar cells, light-emitting diodes, lasers, photodetectors, and high-energy radiation detectors. Recently, remarkable advances have been achieved to grow perovskite single crystals, while there are also many challenges in the control of growth defects and further improvement of the crystal quality. Concerning these factors, recent progress of metal halide perovskite crystals from the view of crystal growth is systematically summarized. Moreover, some ongoing challenges and perspectives for halide perovskite crystals are also proposed, which will possibly provide deeper insight into the exploration of novel perovskite crystals and related devices.

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Europium concentration effects on the scintillation properties of Cs4SrI6:Eu and Cs4CaI6:Eu single crystals for use in gamma spectroscopy

Cited by 17 publications

References 19 publications

Avoiding concentration quenching and self-absorption in Cs₄EuX₆ (X = Br, I) by Sm²⁺ doping

Avoiding concentration quenching and self-absorption in Cs₄EuX₆ (X = Br, I) by Sm²⁺ doping

Halide Perovskite, a Potential Scintillator for X‐Ray Detection

Progress of Metal Halide Perovskite Crystals From a Crystal Growth Point of View

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Europium concentration effects on the scintillation properties of Cs4SrI6:Eu and Cs4CaI6:Eu single crystals for use in gamma spectroscopy

Cited by 17 publications

References 19 publications

Avoiding concentration quenching and self-absorption in Cs4EuX6 (X = Br, I) by Sm2+ doping

Avoiding concentration quenching and self-absorption in Cs4EuX6 (X = Br, I) by Sm2+ doping

Halide Perovskite, a Potential Scintillator for X‐Ray Detection

Progress of Metal Halide Perovskite Crystals From a Crystal Growth Point of View

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Product

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Avoiding concentration quenching and self-absorption in Cs₄EuX₆ (X = Br, I) by Sm²⁺ doping

Avoiding concentration quenching and self-absorption in Cs₄EuX₆ (X = Br, I) by Sm²⁺ doping