Evaluación del prejuicio hacia inmigrantes: adaptación argentina de la escala de prejuicio sutil y manifiesto

Abstract

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de Prejuicio Sutil y Manifiesto desarrollada originalmente por Pettigrew y Meertens (1995), en el contexto argentino. Esta escala consta de 5 dimensiones; dos que evalúan aspectos manifiestos y tres que miden aspectos sutiles del prejuicio. Se trabajó con una muestra de 856 estudiantes terciarios/as y universitarios/as de las ciudades de Córdoba (N= 253), Buenos Aires y Gran Buenos Aires (N= 193), Salta (N= 200) y Neuquén (N= 210), seleccionados/as a partir de un muestreo no probabilístico autoelegido. Se realizó un análisis confirmatorio en busca de evidencia de estructura, se estimó el coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach para evaluar la consistencia interna y se realizó un análisis de validez convergente en relación a variables cuya relación con el prejuicio fue probada con anterioridad. A partir de los resultados se retuvieron 18 ítems que replican las cinco dimensiones propuestas por los autores originales con indicadores de consistencia y validez interna satisfactorios. Además, se obtuvo evidencia favorable de validez convergente.

Prejudiced Attitudes of Nursing Students in Southern Spain Toward Migrant Patients

“…Prejudice is defined as evaluative judgements full of negative emotions directed at the other (outgroup), generating an attitude of rejection that remains relatively stable and lasting over time (Alemany et al, 2019). These negative attitudes may be manifested in discriminatory behaviors (Plaza Del Pino, 2017), which are justified by the prejudices themselves (Civalero et al, 2019;Ramírez Barría et al, 2016). Openly expressing prejudiced opinions toward a certain group is not an ethical or socially accepted behavior.…”

“…Blatant prejudice is characterized by overt expression and nonexistent interaction with the outgroup, since they are considered a threat, whereas SP refers to any less-evident behavior, such as patronizing attitudes toward a group of immigrants (Contreras-Ibáñez & Saldívar, 2018;Palacio et al, 2019). Evidence shows that SP is more common than BP (Civalero et al, 2019). Pettigrew and Meertens (1995), the authors who developed the scale that measures SP and BP, based on the scores obtained on the scale, classify subjects into three types: equalitarians, who obtain low scores on the BP and SP scale; subtles, who score higher on the subtle scale than the blatant scale, and bigots, whose scores are generally high on both scales.…”

“…There are numerous studies that highlight the importance of such training to avoid prejudices and discriminatory attitudes in new nurses (Nielsen et al, 2019;Plaza Del Pino, 2017;Van Keer et al, 2020), although it may also be necessary to develop other initiatives, not only among students, but also with nurses and other health care professionals, to change these types of attitudes (Noble et al, 2014;Plaza del Pino, 2017). Formal education can have positive effects on the reduction of prejudiced attitudes toward migrants (Easterbrook et al, 2016), although the data available are not conclusive (Civalero et al, 2019). In addition, several studies (Gatica & Navarro-Lashayas, 2019;Kuppens & Spears, 2014;Meeusen et al, 2013) report that one of the variables that influences prejudiced attitudes is education level, with university students having more favorable and tolerant attitudes toward migrants (Keshet & Popper-Giveon, 2017), although there are other studies that show that having a higher level of education does not reduce such prejudices (Sánchez-Ojeda et al, 2019).…”

“…Geographic and sociocultural contexts are variables to take into consideration with regard to prejudice, seeing as, following the contact hypothesis of Pettigrew and Tropp (2006), the relationships that are formed with migrants may be related to prejudice attitudes toward the outgroup. Therefore, a person living in a context with an average level of positive intergroup contact is likely to show less prejudice than a person living in a context with minimal intergroup contact (Civalero et al, 2019).…”

Identificación de prejuicio del docentes en estudiantes migrantes venezolanos en Perú: un abordaje interpretativo

“…Es de destacar que el prejuicio sutil no conlleva a una actitud manifiesta de rechazo, sino se configura en una matriz de opinión silenciosa que socava las interrelaciones entre los grupos sociales. El prejuicio sutil es socialmente aceptable y en ocasiones es promovido de forma masiva por los medios de comunicación y líderes sociales, pasando a formar parte del lenguaje cotidiano de la población originaria del país receptor (Civalero, Alonso & Brussino, 2019); el prejuicio sutil no es de fácil detección, porque se encubre sobre otras actitudes que son socialmente aceptadas, incluso apoyadas dentro de la población endógena (Krolikowski, Rinella & Ratcliff, 2015).…”