Evaluate the Effect of Relative Humidity in the Atmosphere of Baghdad City urban expansion Using Remote Sensing Data

Abstract

The effects of land use/cover change are recognized as one of the challenges facing humans in the twenty-first century. In contrast to less developed regions, its characteristics are characterized by a variety of climatic conditions. The changes result in “Urban Heat Island”, in which the temperature in cities is higher than the temperature in the rest of the country. By monitoring the city of Baghdad for a short period, Baghdad's urbanization progressed quickly, which negatively affected the region’s climate through the decreasing of agricultural lands surrounding the area. Understanding the extent of effects on the environment is critical for long-term development. Climate change and environmental cleanup include making the right decisions and taking actions to reduce the detrimental impact of urbanization on both the urban population and ecosystems. As a result, we investigated the relationship between urbanization and relative humidity in Baghdad city, using remote sensing images and data downloaded from the European Center for Forecasting (ECMWF) for Baghdad city. By calculating several factors, such as relative humidity (RH), temperature (Ta), and evaporation, and confirming the changes observed in urban areas Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 images were processed and analyzed in the (ArcGIS 10.8) program for the years 2010 to 2020. The study proves that there is a clear association between growing urbanization and the relative humidity rate and how increase in building areas and the rate of increase in temperature rise in them. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of relative humidity level on the microclimate of Baghdad city from 2010 to 2020, the built-up increased from 19.60% to 27.44%. While, NDVI calculation healthy vegetation has almost disappeared with its percentage going down from 0.05% to 0.00. This study compares the microclimates of two study areas: ancient and modern, both of which differ in terms of vegetation cover and urban distribution and is based on remote sensing data.

Assessing the Impact of Urban Expansion on the Urban Environment in Riyadh City (2000–2022) Using Geospatial Techniques

“…When discussing the impact of urban sprawl on the moisture index, the conclusion of [20] is similar to that of [21]. The results of [20] showed that rapid urban sprawl in Baghdad negatively affected the region's climate. The relationship between urban sprawl and relative humidity in the city of Baghdad was identified using remote sensing images and data downloaded from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the city of Baghdad, analyzing several factors, such as relative humidity (RH), temperature (Ta), and evaporation, and confirming the changes observed in urban areas.…”

“…Evidence indicates that one of the causes of climate change is urban sprawl [19]. When discussing the impact of urban sprawl on the moisture index, the conclusion of [20] is similar to that of [21]. The results of [20] showed that rapid urban sprawl in Baghdad negatively affected the region's climate.…”

Image Compression Techniques on-Board Small Satellites

“…Optical remote sensing uses sensors sensitive to multispectral bands, such as visible, near-infrared, and shortwave infrared bands, to form images of the earth's surface by detecting the solar radiation reflected from objects on the ground. Hence, multispectral images are used in remote sensing to a large degree, as presented in [1] and [2], and they are starting to be used in several terrestrial applications such as medical imagery and quality control, among others [3].…”

Monitoring the Water Quality of the Tigris River and Producing Maps to Determine the Locations of Turbidity in the Water for the Year 2022 in Baghdad Governorate

“…It ranks 40th in the world in terms of population. The city of Baghdad is the centre of human activities in Iraq [11]. The importance of the location of Baghdad is due to the availability of water for three rivers for its inhabitants (the Tigris River, the Diyala River, and the Euphrates River) and the decrease in the dangers of floods, which in turn led to the expansion of the city and the increase of its influence.…”