The city of Baghdad has recently witnessed an increase in urban land due to the recent economic growth, which negatively affected the environment of the study area through the retraction of the agricultural lands surrounding the city. Therefore, we studied the relationship between increasing urban expansion and changes in the local climate of Baghdad for the period from 2008 to 2018. The information derived from the satellites utilized in this search showed the changes in ground cover during the study period, while the evaporation rate data source from the European Center for Forecasting (ECMWF) confirmed the effects of urban expansion on evaporation rates. Increasing urbanization increased evaporation rates and decreased vegetation degradation (NDVI). Satellite data from Landsat )TM( and Landsat )OLI( for 2008, 2013, and 2018 were processed and analyzed using the ArcGIS program. The visuals were classified into urban land, sparse plant, dense plant, water, bare soil, and wet soil. The results of the classification showed that the percentage of urban land was 26.5%, 28.3%, and 30.9% for the years of 2008, 2013, and 2018, respectively. On the other hand, the MNDWI value for the studied years was 2.0%, 1.9% and 3.6%. The highest rate of urbanization was in 2018 which was accompanied by highest evaporation rates. The study proved that there was a significant correlation between increasing urbanization and evaporation rate in the study area. These results indicate that the poor planning of land use leads to negative effects on the local climate.

Spatial analysis (spatial statistics) contain systematic techniques, that study actually geographic data have geographic properties such as topological and geometric, spatial analysis involve difference types of technique. Spatial analysis represented new understanding complex topics in form easy by any method or statistical for study area include mathematics and logic. Using function of point density which represented the Radon gas measurement geographic location, and limitation the density area by finding the radii (bandwidth) Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) techniques variation to reach interest regions and hotspot of point’s neighborhood. The aim of the research, applied the spatial statistical method to acknowledge concentrations of radon gas pollution for environmental and human life conservation, and focuses on the region affected by determination and orientation it in this method or tools for control outbreak to be facilitated, this potential possibility aid to avoid research randomly for radon gas pollution regions, this processing consist by extraction the spatial characteristics distribution that depending on distance measurements, by using geographic information system (GIS) technical, and which exploited Global Positioning system to accurate simultaneously the spectral bands of landsate satellite imagery to referencing the study area, and they have been determining  the topology objects such as land cover (water, vegetation and soil) and land use, to connected with points measurement of Radon gas in Baghdad city only soils election, thought the soils were caused pollution based for objects type such as water and air, because, the natural formative of layer soils by decay of radioactive isotope Uranium with erosion the rocks and drift process with dissolved water or flood throughout the ages. Doing field the soil samples measurement by RAD7 Mobil detector for 58 point samples election, which represented using soil type such as vegetation land and land use touched with human life.

The study deals with the geological situation of Earth's features, and the effect of climate on them, through monitoring changes that have occurred in Earth's features by applying supervised classification represented by maximum likelihood classification using GIS 10.7 for years 1990–2019 to produce maps of desertification and sand dunes encroachment. The factors forming the Earth's features in the study area vary due to the geological structure, geomorphological processes, and climatic factors, which requires an analysis of these processes and their impact on environmental components. The climate of the study area is characterized by continental characteristics causing significant differences in the geomorphological units of the region, especially sand dunes. The most important climate factors affecting the desertification and dunes are the temperature, evaporation, wind speed and rainfall. Three satellite images were used in this study, obtained from Landsat 5-8 besides, the rate annual of temperature, evaporation, wind speed and the total annual of rainfall obtained from European center ECMWF. To obtain high accuracy of classification, an Error Matrix and Kappa Coefficient was processed using ERDAS. The results showed clear changes in the Earth's features with climate during the entire period, where the increase in the rate of temperature and evaporation enhances desertification and encroachment of dunes due to the dryness of the area resulting from the decrease in rainfall rates due to the lack of vegetation growth, as the area of desertification increased to 3028 km2 in 2019, compared with 1990, while the area of dunes double, in the year 2019 compared to the year 1990. dune encroachment changed directly with the winds as a result of wind blowing in a northwestern direction, so the dunes expanded in the south and southwest direction at the expense of cultivated areas as they encroachments by 20 km compared to 1990.

Recently, the develop of the science of remote sensing enabled humanity to achieve the accuracy and wide coverage for different natural phenomena, disasters and applications (such as desertification, rainstorms, floods, fires, sweeping torrents, urban planning, and even in military). The main aim of this study is monitoring, highlighting and assessing maps for the degradation of agriculture in the south areas of Baghdad governorate (Al-Rasheed, Al-Yusufiyah, Al-Mahmudiyah, Al-Latifiyah, and Al-Madaen). Based to several factors, including the economic, social and military operations, the area had suffer the lands degradation which led to agriculture retreating. Remote sensing and Geographic information system (GIS) was applied, using ArcGIS 10.4.1 to process, manage, and analysis datasets, beside field verification to estimate the severity assessment of a computerized land degradation. Two satellites were adapted Landsat5 TM+ and Landsat8 OLI/TIRS imageries to assess the extent of land degradation for the study area during the years (5th May 2010 and 2nd May 2019). Two indices used in this research are: The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index “NDVI”, and The Normalized Differential Water Index “NDWI”. The results showed that there is a clear spatial reduction in both NDVI and NDWI, where the NDVI reduced from 2461082400 m2 to 1552698000 m2, accounting for 89.67 and 56.57 percent, respectively, while the NDWI reduced from 14166000 m2 to 12053700 m2, accounting for 0.52, and 0.44 percent, respectively. Keywords: Agriculture Degradation, RS And GIS Techniques, Landsat Satellite Imagery, NDVI And NDWI.

The effects of land use/cover change are recognized as one of the challenges facing humans in the twenty-first century. In contrast to less developed regions, its characteristics are characterized by a variety of climatic conditions. The changes result in “Urban Heat Island”, in which the temperature in cities is higher than the temperature in the rest of the country. By monitoring the city of Baghdad for a short period, Baghdad's urbanization progressed quickly, which negatively affected the region’s climate through the decreasing of agricultural lands surrounding the area. Understanding the extent of effects on the environment is critical for long-term development. Climate change and environmental cleanup include making the right decisions and taking actions to reduce the detrimental impact of urbanization on both the urban population and ecosystems. As a result, we investigated the relationship between urbanization and relative humidity in Baghdad city, using remote sensing images and data downloaded from the European Center for Forecasting (ECMWF) for Baghdad city. By calculating several factors, such as relative humidity (RH), temperature (Ta), and evaporation, and confirming the changes observed in urban areas Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 images were processed and analyzed in the (ArcGIS 10.8) program for the years 2010 to 2020. The study proves that there is a clear association between growing urbanization and the relative humidity rate and how increase in building areas and the rate of increase in temperature rise in them. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of relative humidity level on the microclimate of Baghdad city from 2010 to 2020, the built-up increased from 19.60% to 27.44%. While, NDVI calculation healthy vegetation has almost disappeared with its percentage going down from 0.05% to 0.00. This study compares the microclimates of two study areas: ancient and modern, both of which differ in terms of vegetation cover and urban distribution and is based on remote sensing data.