Evaluating aromatization of solid bitumen generated in the presence and absence of water: Implications for solid bitumen reflectance as a thermal proxy

Hackley, Paul C.; Jubb, Aaron M.; Smith, P.; McAleer, Ryan J.; Valentine, Brett J.; Hatcherian, Javin J.; Botterell, Palma J.; Birdwell, Justin E.

doi:10.1016/j.coal.2022.104016

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 86 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…4a shows that the RBS parameter always shows a, more or less, linear increase with temperature (dotted arrow). Hydrous pyrolysis (Hackley and Lünsdorf, 2018;Khatibi et al, 2019;Hackley et al, 2022;Sanders et al, 2022) follows a similar trend for data of Li et al (2020) (assuming their temperatures are underestimated). Even if based on fewer data, Figs.…”

Section: Trends Against Temperaturementioning

confidence: 58%

“…Hackley and Lünsdorf (2018) and Khatibi et al (2019) explored the low-maturity stages of solid bitumen, heating their samples with hydrous pyrolysis (HP) according to the method of Lewan (1983) in a temperature range between 300 and 360 • C, where the maximum temperatures were kept for 72 h and the pressure was lower than 20 MPa. The same system was used by Birdwell et al (2021), Hackley et al (2022) and Sanders et al (2022). Bonoldi et al (2016) use an open-hydrous system to maturate type I, II and III kerogen samples to temperatures up to 360 • C under a pressure of 30 MPa.…”

Section: Artificial Maturationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other words, the research has been mainly focused on the evolution of Raman data under low heating rates and is not clear how different heating (and pressure) conditions can affect it. Some studies point out a mismatch between Raman parameters and vitrinite reflectance evolution under natural and artificial maturation conditions (Hackley and Lünsdorf, 2018;Khatibi et al, 2019;Hao et al, 2019;Hackley et al, 2022;Sanders et al, 2022), but this has not been verified in natural settings or under extreme conditions such as frictional heating or wildfires (Kitamura et al, 2012;Hirono et al, 2015;Deldicque et al, 2016;Kaneki et al, 2016;Ito et al, 2017;Theurer et al, 2021;Schito et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Towards a kerogen-to-graphite kinetic model by means of Raman spectroscopy

Schito

Muirhead

Parnell

2023

Earth-Science Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Trends Against Temperaturementioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Artificial Maturationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Towards a kerogen-to-graphite kinetic model by means of Raman spectroscopy

Schito

Muirhead

Parnell

2023

Earth-Science Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The observed textures of CM and the low intrasample variability in Raman results indicate that precipitation of the CM from carbon‐rich fluids is unlikely in the rocks evaluated by this study. However, it is possible that grain boundary fluids may play a ubiquitous role in facilitating in situ aromatization, where grain boundary fluid‐derived H + quenches free radical sites and cleaves non‐aromatic components (Hackley et al, 2022; Lewan, 1997) and provides both a medium and pathway for their expulsion. More work is warranted to understand the role of grain boundary fluids in graphitization at these thermal conditions, but what is made clear from this study is that deformation activates graphitization and dissolution‐precipitation processes equally.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deformation‐induced graphitization and muscovite recrystallization in a ductile fault zone

Stokes,

Jubb,

McAleer

et al. 2024

Journal Metamorphic Geology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A suite of slate samples collected along a 2 km transect crossing the Lishan fault in central Taiwan were evaluated to assess the role of ductile deformation in natural graphitization at lower greenschist facies metamorphic conditions. The process of natural aromatization, or graphitization, of an organic precursor is well established as a thermally driven process; however, experimental studies have shown that the energy provided by deformation can substantially reduce the activation energy required for graphitization. This study provides a natural example of deformation‐induced graphitization. A strain gradient approaching the Lishan fault was established by scanning electron microscope imaging and X‐ray diffraction analysis of phyllosilicates and quartz that showed an increase in the strength of slaty cleavage development via dissolution‐precipitation processes. Thermal conditions were constrained to be near isothermal using calcite‐dolomite geothermometry. Raman spectroscopic results from carbonaceous material, including D1‐full width‐at‐half‐maximum (FWHM), G‐FWHM, Raman band separation (RBS), and a lesser‐known vibrational mode B2g‐FWHM, showed robust linear trends across the same sampling transect. However, the G‐FWHM parameter showed a trend opposite of that expected from thermally driven graphitization. The Raman results are interpreted to reflect a strain‐driven reduction in graphite crystallite size (decrease in G‐FWHM) but improvement in structural ordering in individual coherent domains. A multiple linear regression with an R2 value of 0.92 predicts the graphite D1‐FWHM values from the XRD‐derived ratio of muscovite populations and muscovite microstrain, demonstrating the concomitant recrystallization of silicates and carbonaceous material across the strain gradient, despite the disparate processes accommodating the deformation. This study demonstrates the role of deformation in natural graphitization and provides a new perspective on the use of graphite as a geothermometer in strongly deformed greenschist facies rocks.

show abstract

“…However, measuring FT-IR spectra on small bitumen particles is particularly challenging and is affected by the size, shape, thickness and variability of the bitumen fragments (Zuo et al, 2022), and these spectra are more complex than many of those in studies of experimentally pyrolised source rocks (e.g. Hackley et al, 2022;Stokes et al, 2022). Schito et al (2023) have also shown that the Raman spectra of organic matter heated quickly by contact metamorphism may differ from those of organic matter that has undergone burial diagenesis.…”

Section: Bitumen Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Petrography of Pyrobitumens in Middle – Late Jurassic Sandstones From Thermally Degraded Hydrocarbon Accumulations, East Greenland

Strogen,

Marshall,

Whitham

et al. 2023

Journal of Petroleum Geology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A number of exhumed hydrocarbon traps have been described from the Traill Ø region of East Greenland. This study focuses on the Bjørnedal area where the distribution of bitumen has been mapped out. Bitumen staining clearly has a cross‐cutting relationship to stratigraphic units and can be shown to form distinct palaeo‐accumulations. Detailed petrographic studies show that bitumen occurs as late diagenetic phases in Middle to Late Jurassic sandstones, and is present both as both grain‐coating and pore‐filling phases. Geochemical analyses confirm that the bitumen is organic in composition and is composed largely of carbon and hydrogen. Both H/C ratios and bonds identified by FTIR behave as expected with increasing maturity measured using bitumen reflectance. Together, these results provide strong evidence that the material is pyrobitumen derived from the in situ thermal degradation of a liquid hydrocarbon precursor. On the basis of textures in transmitted and reflected light and quantitative bitumen reflectance distributions, two populations of pyrobitumen may be recognised in some samples.Two phases of Paleogene magmatism occurred in the Traill Ø region. The first late Paleocene – early Eocene phase was related to the opening of the northern North Atlantic in the earliest Eocene, and was experienced throughout East Greenland and the northwest European margin. The later magmatic phase was related to the gradual separation of the Jan Mayen microcontinent from East Greenland through the late Eocene – early Oligocene. A single pyrobitumen phase is recognised in accumulations only affected by the early magmatism, and a second phase is only observed in areas affected by both the early and later magmatism. This relationship is interpreted as evidence for a direct relationship between magmatic phases and bitumen generation. The presence of bitumen formed by the thermal degradation of liquid hydrocarbons during the later magmatic event suggests that a viable petroleum system remained active following the early magmatic event.

show abstract

Evaluating aromatization of solid bitumen generated in the presence and absence of water: Implications for solid bitumen reflectance as a thermal proxy

Cited by 11 publications

References 86 publications

Towards a kerogen-to-graphite kinetic model by means of Raman spectroscopy

Towards a kerogen-to-graphite kinetic model by means of Raman spectroscopy

Deformation‐induced graphitization and muscovite recrystallization in a ductile fault zone

Petrography of Pyrobitumens in Middle – Late Jurassic Sandstones From Thermally Degraded Hydrocarbon Accumulations, East Greenland

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About