“…Discrete choice models belong to the most commonly used approaches to assess the predictive properties of EWSs in the literature (Berg & Pattillo, 1999; Kaminski et al, 1997). In general, studies use either linear probability models (Davis et al, 2016), probit (Berg & Pattillo, 1999; Frankel & Rose, 1996; Mulder et al, 2016), logit (Arregui et al, 2013; Davis et al, 2016; Davis & Karim, 2008; Domonkos et al, 2017a; Ostrihon, 2020; Valinskytė & Rupeika, 2015), or multinomial logit (Caggiano et al, 2016; Ciarlone & Trebeschi, 2005) models with random effects. Given our objective, we opt for a simple bivariate pooled logit model with random effects, as in Boyd et al (2009).…”