Evaluating Capacitive Deionization for Measurements of the Salt-Removal of NaCl, KCl and MgCl at Various Cell Voltages

Abstract

Carbon electrodes have been successfully synthesized and characterized for desalination system based on Capacitive Deionization (CDI) technology. The carbon electrodes were synthesized with an activated carbon (700 – 1400 m2/g), carbon black, glutaric acid and polyvinyl alcohol as a binder using cross-linking method at 120 °C. The study was to investigate salt removal percentage value of 0.1 M NaCl, MgCl and KCl using CDI cell. A solution with 0.1 M was supplied to the cell using a Boyu Submersible pump (model SP-601) at a flow rate of 10 mL/min. When potentials of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 V were applied to the CDI cell, the result showed that a solution of 0.1 M KCl has greater salt-removal percentage than the solutions with 0.1 M NaCl and MgCl. The salt-removal percentage of KCl was achieved at 55% for 3.0 V whilst resulted in 20 and 30% for NaCl and MgCl, respectively.

Measurements of the salt-removal of NaCl, KCl and MgCl using a carbon electrode prepared with freezing thawing method in capacitive deionization

“…Mg 2+ ion has the greatest electrostatic forces compared toNa + ion and K + ion,this is because the Mg 2+ ion ( r = 227 pm) has the width of hydration shell ( r) wider than Na + ion( r = 116 pm) and K + ion ( r = 74 pm) [14]. This fact is consistent with the results of the salt-removal levels in this study that stated the salt-removal percentage of KCl is greater than NaCl and MgCl.The same result has been reported by Diky et al [6]. The greatest value of salt-removal percentage was achieved at 64.95 % for KCl solution when the solution flowed to the CDI cell with the carbon electrodes prepared with freezing thawing for 4 cycles.…”

“…The experiments were carried out for 6 h (3 cycles), each cycle consists of adsorption process for 1 h and regeneration process for 1 h. The experiments were repeated for 180 S/cm MgCl and KCl with same treatment. The salt-removal efficiency (%) can be calculated using equation as follows [5,6]:…”

“…5a. It can be analyzed that the largest specific capacitance was 13.5 F/g at 0.01 Hz whilst the specific capacitance was decreased with increasing frequency and was then constant at high frequency [6,12].Meanwhile, the equivalent circuit that resulted from nyquist plot of the EIS of the carbon electrodes is shown in Fig. 5b.…”

Application of Carbons Produced from Rice Husk in the Process of Capacitive Deionization

“…In [7][8], carbon electrodes were synthesized using the PVA binder through a cross-linking method. It was shown that the application of carbon electrodes having hydrophilic properties allowing to increase in the wetted surface area, enhances the efficiency of CDI process.…”

Karakterisasi Pengaruh Temperatur Kalsinasi pada Intensitas emisi Material Luminisensi ZnO:Zn

“…Radiasi elektromagnetik yang diemisikan oleh fosfor biasanya dalam rentang cahaya tampak, namun terdapat juga di daerah spektrum ultraviolet atau infra merah. Ion fosfor dapat tereksitasi oleh banyak jenis energi [7], contohnya fotoluminisensi tereksitasi oleh foton, katodoluminisensi oleh elektron, elektroluminisensi oleh tegangan listrik, triboluminisensi oleh energi mekanik (contohnya penumbukan), xray luminisensi oleh sinar-x, kemoluminisensi oleh energi dari reaksi kimia dan sebagainya [4,5]. Material semikonduktor ditandai dengan adanya band gap, yaitu celah pita energi yang terletak diantara pita valensi yang berisi elektron penuh dengan pita konduksi yang kosong seperti terlihat pada Gambar 1.…”