Evaluating capacitive deionization for water desalination by direct determination of chloride ions

Abstract

Ionic conductivity and capacitance measurements are widely used methods for evaluating the desalination efficiency in capacity deionization processes. In this study, these methods are revised and several problems associated to them identified and evaluated. Furthermore, a new method based on the determination of the chloride ion concentration by means of a chloride selective electrode is proposed as a more reliable alternative for evaluating the desalination performance in these systems. This method has been shown not only to be precise in a wide range of salt concentrations but also to be independent of pH, one of the main limitations of the determinations based on ionic conductivity measurements.

Preparation of Reactive Indicator Papers Based on Silver-Containing Nanocomposites for the Analysis of Chloride Ions

“…Therefore, the content of chlorine ions, which is an important indicator of the quality of natural and drinking water, must be controlled. The development of new methods for the determination of chlorides is also relevant for several other areas, such as medicine and the food industry [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ].…”

“…Recently, various analytical methods for the detection of chlorides have been proposed. Thus, methods for determining chloride ions such as electrochemical [ 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 ], IR [ 1 ], optical emission spectroscopic [ 2 ], ion chromatographic [ 3 , 4 ], mass spectrometric [ 10 ], fluorometric [ 11 ], and spectrophotometric [ 5 ] methods are of considerable interest. It should be noted that a significant number of publications on the determination of chloride ions that have appeared in recent years indicate the relevance of this problem.…”

Desarrollo de diferentes sensores electroquímicos para la determinación de cloruro

“…Tesis Doctoral Estos electrodos han demostrado ser útiles para la determinación cuantitativa de muchas especies aniónicas. Existen numerosos informes en bibliografía que han desarrollado ISEs para monitorizar cloruros además de otros aniones tales como fluoruro, fosfato, sulfato, nitrato, nitrito, cianuro, etc., así como otros cationes tales como amonio en muestras ambientales complejas como son lagos, ríos, agua de mar y suelos [112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119]. Las desventajas que presentan estos electrodos son límites de detección altos y baja selectividad en la monitorización de metales traza importantes ambientalmente, y de aniones en aguas naturales y suelos.…”