Evaluating fuel switching options in the Swedish iron and steel industry under increased competition for forest biomass

On the Green Transformation of the Iron and Steel Industry: Market and Competition Aspects of Hydrogen and Biomass Options

“…Generally, the price effects for harvesting residues and industrial byproducts are higher compared to those of roundwood. This finding is similar to Olofsson [28] but higher compared to Nwachukwu et al [29] who find that biomass prices will increase by up 62 percent. In this study, the different price effects between the biomass categories can partly be explained by the initial higher price of roundwood (baseline prices).…”

“…However, he did not analyse that impact of large-scale deployment of deep decarbonization technologies and had a more limited geographical scale. Nwachukwu et al [29] explore combined spatial and market effects with a focus on bio-product technology selection and production plant localisation. This paper extends previous research by providing a novel approach to soft-link technical energy system models with economic forest sector models under different biomass demand scenarios using a spatially imbalanced biomass distribution.…”

Review on the Application and Development of Biochar in Ironmaking Production

“…Brazil has partially replaced pulverized coal with charcoal powder for blast furnace injection, achieving a carbon reduction of 30% [9]. The Swedish iron and steel industry (ISI) sector, which is heavily dependent on fossil fuels and reducing agents, together with the mining industry, accounts for 63% of Sweden's industrial fossil energy use and 46% of greenhouse gas emissions, so it plans to reduce its fossil carbon dioxide emissions in the short to medium term [10]. The European Union (EU) has set climate targets to gradually reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% via increasing the share of renewable energy in the energy structure and improving energy efficiency [11].…”

Biochar and Other Carbonaceous Materials Used in Steelmaking: Possibilities and Synergies for Power Generation by Direct Carbon Fuel Cell

“…Despite its vital importance in several industrial sectors, steelmaking is actually considered as an hard-to-abate industry, being responsible for 7% of the world total CO 2 emission and about 8% of global energy demand [1][2][3]. Replacement of fossil carbon feedstocks, substantial modifications and upgrades of existing processes and the introduction of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies into current production processes are the three most discussed pathways for the emissions mitigation [4][5][6][7][8]. In addition to these, steel production through scrap recycling and melting inside the electric arc furnace (EAF) is expected to steadily increase in the coming decades, at the expense of the currently more widespread integrated cycle based on hot metal production from iron ore inside the blast furnace (BF), mainly due to the lower direct CO 2 emission of the former (10 2 kg CO2 /t STEEL vs. 10 3 kg CO2 /t STEEL ) [6,9,10].…”