Evaluating infant core temperature response in a hot car using a heat balance model

Grundstein, Andrew; Duzinski, Sarah V.; Dolinak, David; Null, Jan; Iyer, Seema

doi:10.1007/s12024-014-9619-7

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The results show that these effects can be expected in less than 30 min. The combination of our dynamic model to calculate the cabin air temperature with a model that describes the man-environment heat exchange would be an appropriate forensic tool to predict hyperthermia time course, as posed by Grundstein et al (2015b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The harsh environment inside parked vehicles can cause heat stroke as a life-threatening syndrome observed in human and animals. It may result from exposure to environmental heat stress and is characterised by body core temperatures of >40°C in a human (Grundstein et al 2015a;Grundstein et al 2015b) and >41°C in dogs, as well as by central nervous system dysfunction (Bruchim et al 2009). Not only is the heat stress relevant but also the duration of exposure (Shapiro et al 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cabin air temperature of parked vehicles in summer conditions: life-threatening environment for children and pets calculated by a dynamic model

Horak

Schmerold

Wimmer

et al. 2016

Theor Appl Climatol

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In vehicles that are parked, no ventilation and/or air conditioning takes place. If a vehicle is exposed to direct solar radiation, an immediate temperature rise occurs. The high cabin air temperature can threaten children and animals that are left unattended in vehicles. In the USA, lethal heat strokes cause a mean death rate of 37 children per year. In addition, temperature-sensitive goods (e.g. drugs in ambulances and veterinary vehicles) can be adversely affected by high temperatures. To calculate the rise of the cabin air temperature, a dynamic model was developed that is driven by only three parameters, available at standard meteorological stations: air temperature, global radiation and wind velocity. The transition from the initial temperature to the constant equilibrium temperature depends strongly on the configuration of the vehicle, more specifically on insulation, window area and transmission of the glass, as well as on the meteorological conditions. The comparison of the model with empirical data showed good agreement. The model output can be applied to assess the heat load of children and animals as well as temperature-sensitive goods, which are transported and/or stored in a vehicle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cabin air temperature of parked vehicles in summer conditions: life-threatening environment for children and pets calculated by a dynamic model

Horak

Schmerold

Wimmer

et al. 2016

Theor Appl Climatol

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“…Marty et al [37] found a temperature difference even close to 60 K. As a rough estimation, they assessed the inside temperature due to solar radiation could reach 30 °C for winter time, 60 °C for spring and autumn and up to 90 °C during summer time. The harsh environment inside parked vehicles can cause heat stroke as a life-threatening syndrome observed in human and animals [38, 39] which is documented in the US, by 37 lethal heat stokes by children per year (1998–2015) [33, 40]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to transport veterinary drugs in insulated boxes to avoid thermal damage by heating or freezing

2017

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BackgroundThe transport of veterinary drugs must comply with the general standards for drug storage. Although many vehicles are equipped with active heating and/or cooling devices assuring recommended storage conditions, simple insulated transport boxes are also often used. In this study, measurements for typical transport boxes were performed under laboratory conditions by the use of a climate chamber for a temperature of −20 °C and 45 °C to investigate the impact of box size, insulation material, liquid vs. dry filling products, filling degree and other parameters on the thermal performance of insulated boxes. Model calculations and instructions are presented to predict the retention time of recommended drug storage temperatures.ResultsThe measurements and the model calculations showed that the loading of the transport boxes with additional water bottles to increase the heat capacity is appropriate to prolong the retention time of the recommended temperature range of the drugs. Insulated transport boxes are not suitable to store drugs over a period of more than approximately 12 h. For practical use a recipe is presented to measure the thermal properties of a transport box and the related retention time for which the recommended storage temperatures can be assured.ConclusionsThe following principles for drug transportation in vehicles are recommended: (1) Before transfer into boxes, drugs should always be thermally preconditioned (2) Increase the filling degree of the boxes with thermally preconditioned water bottles or re-usable thermal packs will increase the heat capacity. Do not deep-freeze the bottles or packs below 0 °C to avoid drug freezing due to contact. (3) Open the lid of the boxes only to uncase drugs that are immediately needed. (4) The bigger the box and the higher the filling degree, the longer the retention time of the transport box. (5) Wherever possible, place the drug box at a cool site inside the vehicle. (6) The monitoring of the inside temperature of the transport boxes is recommended. By the proper use of such transport boxes the recommended temperatures can be maintained over one working day.

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“…Uncompensable heat stress (UCHS) occurs when evaporative cooling is not supported by the environment, with other conditions (e.g., air temperature levels) impeding cooling [ 58 ]. Although studies have used a T c of 37°C as a level of UCHS [ 27 , 28 ], it is difficult to apply one value to estimate UCHS. This approximation becomes more complex when considering children, as very little empirical core temperature data under heat strain exist.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The avenues and magnitudes of heat loss (evaporative, radiant, convective, and/or conductive exchanges) depend on the environment as well as human physiology/behavior, and are part of an intricate thermoregulatory feedback in the human body [ 38 ]. Thermal balance models can help estimate heat stress and strain in an enclosed space, whether environmentally- or forensically-based [ 3 , 27 ], and further extend the modeled data for more effective communication to parents and caregivers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the impact of solar radiation on pediatric heat balance within enclosed, hot vehicles

et al. 2018

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Pediatric deaths due to children being left in hot cars remain a significant yet preventable public health concern. The current study aims to demonstrate the influence of vehicle type, time of day, and solar exposure (sun or shade) on the energy balance and core temperature (Tc) of a hypothetical two-year old boy left in a vehicle on a hot day. Cabin temperatures and relative humidity were collected within six enclosed vehicles under sun or full shade in Tempe, Arizona. These variables and radiation estimates were used to estimate the human energy balance and final Tc across 76 measurement cycles lasting approximately 60minutes.Interior temperatures averaged 39.5°C and 47.6°C in the shade and sun, respectively, at steady-state. Based on the specific heat of a human body, the average Tc after 60 minutes in shaded or sun-exposed vehicles was estimated to reach 38.2±0.29°C and 39.1±0.41°C, respectively, with a significantly higher final Tc in sun-exposed vehicles across all days and in the shaded minivan. Extrapolation to 2 hours is estimated to result in heat injury in the sun.Results demonstrate the influence of radiation on a child's thermal balance in a hot and dry environment. In real-world situations, it is critical to acknowledge variability between children, the starting car environment, and climate (e.g., humid versus dry), and that a child left in any vehicle car can experience potentially lethal core temperatures if forgotten, as shown by vehicular heat stroke statistics. Findings may improve public messaging and reinforce the need for policy action and technological adoption to prevent injury and death.

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Evaluating infant core temperature response in a hot car using a heat balance model

Cited by 21 publications

References 24 publications

Cabin air temperature of parked vehicles in summer conditions: life-threatening environment for children and pets calculated by a dynamic model

Cabin air temperature of parked vehicles in summer conditions: life-threatening environment for children and pets calculated by a dynamic model

How to transport veterinary drugs in insulated boxes to avoid thermal damage by heating or freezing

Evaluating the impact of solar radiation on pediatric heat balance within enclosed, hot vehicles

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