“…While these types of studies have been conducted for more than thirty years (Asknes, 1954), quantitative comparisons between simulator and aircraft performance originally began in 1975, using data obtained from an existing experiment (Billings, Gerke, and Wick, 1975). Many studies have examined physiological strain induced by environmental stressors (Brown et al, 1969), or changes in performance in relation to pharmaceutical interventions (Caldwell, Roberts, and Jones, 1999), and some included measurements of specific maneuvers in each platform (Hasbrook and Rasmussen, 1971). While a single study in fixed-wing aircraft did produce comparable performance measures (Magnusson, 2002), all other comparison studies have shown that there were significant, statistically demonstrable differences in pilot performance between simulated and actual aircraft platforms.…”