Evaluating the Accuracy of the Azure Kinect and Kinect v2

Abstract

The Azure Kinect represents the latest generation of Microsoft Kinect depth cameras. Of interest in this article is the depth and spatial accuracy of the Azure Kinect and how it compares to its predecessor, the Kinect v2. In one experiment, the two sensors are used to capture a planar whiteboard at 15 locations in a grid pattern with laser scanner data serving as ground truth. A set of histograms reveals the temporal-based random depth error inherent in each Kinect. Additionally, a two-dimensional cone of accuracy illustrates the systematic spatial error. At distances greater than 2.5 m, we find the Azure Kinect to have improved accuracy in both spatial and temporal domains as compared to the Kinect v2, while for distances less than 2.5 m, the spatial and temporal accuracies were found to be comparable. In another experiment, we compare the distribution of random depth error between each Kinect sensor by capturing a flat wall across the field of view in horizontal and vertical directions. We find the Azure Kinect to have improved temporal accuracy over the Kinect v2 in the range of 2.5 to 3.5 m for measurements close to the optical axis. The results indicate that the Azure Kinect is a suitable substitute for Kinect v2 in 3D scanning applications.

3D Reconstruction Using 3D Registration-Based ToF-Stereo Fusion

“…We obtained data from 0.5 m to 10 m by 0.5 m intervals as in [ 22 ]. After the scanning process, 10 depth map images are used to calculate the average MAE, and the reconstructed 3D object is used to calculate the RMSE of the tested method.…”

Experimental Analysis of Commercial Optical Methods for Foot Measurement

“…For this purpose, the generated point cloud was overlaid on the GT in the Cloud Compare v2 software. Cloud Compare v2 was used to ensure comparability with other studies such as [ 40 ]. To best fit the point cloud over the GT, it was roughly aligned for the initial stage.…”

Measuring Nut Volumes Using the Azure Kinect

“…The Microsoft Azure Kinect represents the latest generation of Microsoft's Kinect depth camera (Kurillo et al, 2022). In Figure 2, the Azure Kinect hardware includes a color camera, a ToF depth sensor, the gyroscope and accelerometer, and a circular array of seven microphones.…”

“…As seen in Figure 6, S is the section area of the ellipsoid perpendicular to the major semi-axis. once the ellipsoid parameters a, b, and c are estimated, volume (V) of the ellipsoid can be computed as follows: Before the nut volume measurement, the temporal stability of the Azure Kinect was first examined (Chan and Lichti, 2015;Kurillo et al, 2022;Tölgyessy et al, 2021). As seen in Figure 6(a), the Azure Kinect was used to capture a spherical target (with a radius of 7.25 cm) for 6 hours inside a room with controlled environmental conditions (e.g., regulated temperature).…”