Evaluating the Effects of In-Vehicle Side-View Display Layout Design on Physical Demands of Driving

Abstract

Objective: A driving simulator study was conducted to comparatively evaluate the effects of three camera monitor system (CMS) display layouts and the traditional side-view mirror arrangement on the physical demands of driving. Background: Despite the possible benefits of CMS displays in reducing the physical demands of driving, little empirical evidence is available to substantiate these benefits. The effects of CMS display layout designs are not well understood. Method: The three CMS display layouts varied in the locations of the side-view displays: (A) inside the car near the conventional side-view mirrors, (B) on the dashboard at each side of the steering wheel, and (C) on the center fascia with the displays joined side by side. Twenty-two participants performed a safety-critical lane changing task with each design alternative. The dependent measures were the following: spread of eye movement, spread of head movement, and perceived physical demand. Results: Compared with the traditional mirror system, all three CMS display layouts showed a reduction in physical demands, albeit differing in the types/magnitudes of physical demand reduction. Conclusion: Well-designed CMS display layouts could significantly reduce the physical demands of driving. The physical demands were reduced by placing the CMS displays close to the position of the driver’s normal line-of-sight when looking at the road ahead and locating each CMS display on each side of the driver, that is, at locations compatible with the driver’s expectation. Application: Physical demand reductions by CMS displays would especially benefit drivers frequently checking the side-view mirrors with large eye/head movements and physically weak/impaired drivers.

Comparative Evaluation of Twelve Automotive CMS Display Layout Designs in Two Lane Change Task Scenarios

“…On the other hand, in the studies by Beck et al (2017Beck et al ( , 2021, the subjects performed a lane change maneuver with four different display layout designs consisting of two side-view displays. Likewise, some studies (e.g., Beck et al, 2017;Beck et al, 2021) employed a safety-critical scenario (complex lane change in a critical traffic condition) whilst others (Kyung, 2021;Large et al, 2016;Murata & Kohno, 2018;, a less safety-critical scenario (simple lane change in a moderate traffic condition). Considering both the scenarios in a comparative design evaluation is needed to identify a robust design that performs well for both.…”

“…Due to this flexibility, a CMS display layout could be ergonomically designed to facilitate driver information processing (e.g., quickly viewing both the front roadway and the surrounding traffic) and reduce driver physical demands to ultimately improve driving performance, safety, and comfort. Indeed, multiple studies conducted human factors research concerning the CMS display layout design ("where to place CMS electronic displays inside a vehicle") (Ayoub et al, 2021;Beck et al, 2017;Beck et al, 2021;Kanzaki et al, 2018;Kyung, 2021;Large et al, 2016;Murata & Kohno, 2018;Schmidt et al, 2016).…”

“…Despite the earlier research efforts, however, human factors design guidelines for creating CMS display layouts have not been firmly established yet, largely due to the research gaps below: first, the majority of the earlier studies (Beck et al, 2017;Beck et al, 2021;Kyung, 2021;Large et al, 2016;Murata & Kohno, 2018;Schmidt et al, 2016) were limited to evaluating "separate display layout designs," which present the rearand side-view scenes through spatially-separated displays. On the other hand, research on "integrated display layout designs," which physically connect the rear-and side-view images within a single display area, is insufficient.…”

Effects of Placing a CMS Monitor to Present Side and Rear View at the Driver-centered Position on Drivers’ Rearward Visual Behavior, Cognitive Load, and Mental Stress

“…Furthermore, Kanzaki et al (2018) experimentally replaced the vehicle-centered (above the center console) rear mirror as well as the left and right mirrors outside the vehicle (*1 in Table 1) with a vehicle-centered single wide-view monitor (*2 in Table 1), achieving reduced cognitive load and a more appropriate estimation of an object's position in the rear space (3) . However, Beck et al (2017Beck et al ( , 2021 highlighted that when the left and right views are presented in the vehicle center (above the center console), the driver seated on the left side shifts their gaze point to the right to perceive the left side (*3 in Table 1); such an incongruent spatial relation can affect the driving performance and physical demands (1) (4) . Therefore, to solve the incongruent spatial relation problem which is associated with using the side-rear wide-view monitor, we experimentally examined the effects by placing the side-rear wide-view monitor in front of the driver (driver-centered in Table 1).…”

Assessment of the New Digital Side Mirror Technology from Driver’s Subjective Point of View Considering Traffic Safety

“…The different location of displays and the overall functionality of DSM technology need to be assessed for a comprehensive overview of the applicability of this technology in future commercial vehicles. There are other studies (Ayoub et al, 2021;Beck et al, 2021;Murata and Kohno, 2018;Pampel et al, 2020;Wittmann et al, 2006) carried out in the field of camera monitor system which our Acta Technologica Agriculturae 3 Nitra, Slovaca Universitas Agriculturae Nitriae, 2022, pp. 122-130…”