“…The most recent studies on competitiveness (Chabowski & Mena, 2017;Gordeev, 2020;Laureti & Viviani, 2011;Prasetyo, 2016;Wang & Turkina, 2020;Zhang & London, 2013) measure industrial productivity and use variables related to the value added and monthly physical production (relative prices, industrial organization, and quality), variables related to hours worked, hours paid, and occupied work force. The following theoretical currents on productivity stand out: the neoclassical mainstream (total factor productivity), evolutionist, X-efficiency, managerial and behavioral, neo-Marxist, industrial organization, Kaldor-Verdoorn, comparative advantage, and endogenous growth theories (Bulgarelli & Porto, 2011;Cao et al, 2015;Jamalnia et al, 2019;Lee, 2021;Mendonça et al, 2021;Mendonça et al, 2022;Saboia & Carvalho, 1997).…”