“…It also serves as one key component of holistic measures of well-being such as the MPI ( Alkire & Jahan, 2018 ). In low- and middle-income settings, measures of asset-based material wealth are particularly useful for reasons of cost, reliability, validity and stability ( Howe et al, 2012 ; Jerven, 2013 ; Kaiser et al, 2017 ; Woolard et al, 2021 ). Thus, in these settings, researchers across a range of social sciences increasingly rely on asset-based indices of material wealth using ownership of durable goods, land, livestock, and access to basic services ( Filmer & Pritchett, 2001 ; Howe et al, 2012 ; Hruschka et al, 2015 ; Rutstein et al, 2004 ; Rutstein & Staveteig, 2014 ; Smits & Steendijk, 2015 ; Woolard et al, 2021 ).…”