“…Remote sensing provides an appropriate data source for large-scale study ( Huang et al, 2020 , Liu et al, 2021 , Reichstein et al, 2019 ), such as environment study ( Gray et al, 2020 , Liu et al, 2020 , Su et al, 2021 , Xu et al, 2021 ), land-use/land-cover study ( Gao and O’Neill, 2020 , Jin et al, 2013 , Yang et al, 2018 ), vegetation monitoring ( Axelsson et al, 2021 , Mardian et al, 2021 , Taubert et al, 2018 ). Nowadays, the high-resolution remote sensing images show significant potentials to distinguish cars from the road, and make an objective statistic for counting the vehicle number on the road throughout the whole city ( Audebert et al, 2017 , Chen et al, 2016 , Eikvil et al, 2009 , Ji et al, 2020 , Leitloff et al, 2010 , Li et al, 2019 , Tang et al, 2017a , Tang et al, 2017b , Tanveer et al, 2020 , Tao et al, 2019 ).…”