Evaluating the Toxicity of Airborne Particulate Matter and Nanoparticles by Measuring Oxidative Stress Potential—A Workshop Report and Consensus Statement

Ayres, Jon G.; Borm, Paul J. A.; Cassee, Flemming R.; Castranova, Vincent; Donaldson, Kenneth; Ghio, Andy; Harrison, Roy M.; Hider, Robert C.; Kelly, Frank J.; Kooter, Ingeborg M.; Marano, Francelyne; Maynard, Robert; Mudway, Ian; Nel, André E.; Sioutas, Constantinos; Smith, Steve; Baeza‐Squiban, Armelle; Cho, Art; Duggan, Sean T.; Froines, John R.

doi:10.1080/08958370701665517

Cited by 511 publications

(358 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…Various methods have been developed to assess PM OP (Ayres et al, 2008;Cho et al, 2005;King and Weber, 2013;Mudway et al, 2004;Shi et al, 2003;Wang et al, 2011). The dithiothreitol (DTT) assay is used in this study to measure the OP of fine particles (i.e., OP DTT ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A method for measuring total aerosol oxidative potential (OP) with the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay and comparisons between an urban and roadside site of water-soluble and total OP

et al. 2017

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Abstract. An automated analytical system was developed for measuring the oxidative potential (OP) with the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay of filter extracts that include both watersoluble and water-insoluble (solid) aerosol species. Three approaches for measuring total oxidative potential were compared. These include using methanol as the solvent with (1) and without (2) filtering the extract, followed by removing the solvent and reconstituting with water, and (3) extraction in pure water and performing the OP analysis in the extraction vial with the filter. The water extraction method (the third approach, with filter remaining in the vial) generally yielded the highest DTT responses with better precision (coefficient of variation of 1-5 %) and was correlated with a greater number of other aerosol components. Because no organic solvents were used, which must be mostly eliminated prior to DTT analysis, it was easiest to automate by modifying an automated analytical system for measuring water-soluble OP developed by . Therefore, the third method was applied to the field study for the determination of total OP. Daily 23 h filter samples were collected simultaneously at a roadside (RS) and a representative urban (Georgia Tech, GT) site for two 1-month study periods, and both water-soluble (OP WS-DTT ) and total (OP Total-DTT ) OP were measured. Using PM 2.5 (aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm) high-volume samplers with quartz filters, the OP WS-DTT -to-OP Total-DTT ratio at the urban site was 65 % with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.71 (N = 35; p value < 0.01), compared to a ratio of 62 % and r = 0.56 (N = 31; p value < 0.01) at the roadside site. The same DTT analyses were performed, and similar results were found using particle composition monitors (flow rate of 16.7 L min −1 ) with Teflon filters. Comparison of measurements between sites showed only slightly higher levels of both OP WS-DTT and OP Total-DTT at the RS site, indicating both OP WS-DTT and OP Total-DTT were largely spatially homogeneous. These results are consistent with roadway emissions as sources of DTT-quantified PM 2.5 OP and indicate that both soluble and insoluble aerosol components contributing to OP are largely secondary.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A method for measuring total aerosol oxidative potential (OP) with the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay and comparisons between an urban and roadside site of water-soluble and total OP

et al. 2017

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“…In addition, it has been suggested that atmospheric peroxides are toxic to ecosystem and may be the critical pollutants of forest decline (Hellpointner and Gäb, 1989;Chen et al, 2010). More importantly, peroxides in the particle phase have been found to act as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and result in adverse influence on human health (Ayres et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation of atmospheric peroxides during Wangdu Campaign 2014 at a rural site in the North China Plain

Wang

Chen

et al. 2016

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Measurements of atmospheric peroxides were made during Wangdu Campaign 2014 at Wangdu, a rural site in the North China Plain (NCP) in summer 2014. The predominant peroxides were detected to be hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), methyl hydroperoxide (MHP) and peroxyacetic acid (PAA). The observed H 2 O 2 reached up to 11.3 ppbv, which was the highest value compared with previous observations in China at summer time. A box model simulation based on the Master Chemical Mechanism and constrained by the simultaneous observations of physical parameters and chemical species was performed to explore the chemical budget of atmospheric peroxides. Photochemical oxidation of alkenes was found to be the major secondary formation pathway of atmospheric peroxides, while contributions from alkanes and aromatics were of minor importance. The comparison of modeled and measured peroxide concentrations revealed an underestimation during biomass burning events and an overestimation on haze days, which were ascribed to the direct production of peroxides from biomass burning and the heterogeneous uptake of peroxides by aerosols, respectively. The strengths of the primary emissions from biomass burning were on the same order of the known secondary production rates of atmospheric peroxides during the biomass burning events. The heterogeneous process on aerosol particles was suggested to be the predominant sink for atmospheric peroxides. The atmospheric lifetime of peroxides on haze days in summer in the NCP was about 2-3 h, which is in good agreement with the laboratory studies. Further comprehensive investigations are necessary to better understand the impact of biomass burning and heterogeneous uptake on the concentration of peroxides in the atmosphere.

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“…They are important for reactivity (oxidation by generated reactive oxygen species), the release of hazardous substances and nanoparticle uptake by cells [1][2][3][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83]. A number of surface characteristics have been identified as relevant to the inhalation hazard of nanoparticles.…”

Section: Determinants Of Human Inhalation Hazards Of Persistent Enginmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance there are large differences between individuals in protection against, and return to homeostasis after, oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species [74]. Also, it has been noted that there are age-related responses to the inhalation of amorphous SiO 2 nanoparticles [105].…”

Section: Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Cytotoxicity Of Persistementioning

confidence: 99%

Human health hazards of persistent inorganic and carbon nanoparticles

Reijnders

2012

J Mater Sci

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Persistent inorganic and carbon nanoparticles are increasingly engineered for applications and may also be present in conventional materials such as carbon black. Furthermore, they may originate from conventional non particulate materials by processes such as wear and tear. Persistent inorganic and carbon nanoparticles can be hazardous to humans. Relatively much research regards the hazards of inhaled nanoparticles. These may give rise to respiratory disease and to negative effects on other organs, including the cardiovascular system. Determinants of risk of inhaled nanoparticles include: number, size, surface characteristics, shape, structure, and the formation of assemblages. These determinants should preferentially be considered in exposure metrics. A major molecular mechanism underlying the inhalation hazard of nanoparticles is the generation of reactive oxygen species, but other mechanisms such as interactions with proteins and DNA may also contribute. Health hazards may also be linked to ingestion of persistent inorganic and carbon nanoparticles, dermal exposure and exposure of the eye. Standards for workplace exposure to persistent inorganic and carbon are currently emerging and there are options for hazard reduction by elimination and substitution of hazardous nanoparticles and by engineering controls.

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Evaluating the Toxicity of Airborne Particulate Matter and Nanoparticles by Measuring Oxidative Stress Potential—A Workshop Report and Consensus Statement

Cited by 511 publications

References 107 publications

A method for measuring total aerosol oxidative potential (OP) with the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay and comparisons between an urban and roadside site of water-soluble and total OP

A method for measuring total aerosol oxidative potential (OP) with the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay and comparisons between an urban and roadside site of water-soluble and total OP

Observation of atmospheric peroxides during Wangdu Campaign 2014 at a rural site in the North China Plain

Human health hazards of persistent inorganic and carbon nanoparticles

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