Evaluation and Opportunities in Overtraining Approaches

Abstract

Overtraining (OT) as a sports phenomenon can be caused by stressors on various levels (physical, emotional, psychological, and social) and evokes responses on these levels. This study evaluated research and new opportunities in the field of OT by introducing an integrated multidisciplinary approach, based on the single and multistressors approach. The single stressor approach focuses on the training load-recovery imbalance, which results in a stagnating performance, excluding the etiology by nonsport-related factors. The multistressors approach includes all factors as relevant in the etiology of a stagnating performance. In future studies on OT an integrative approach should not only highlight changes in training regimes and specific responses to training stressors but also focus on the role of training-related recovery, the impact of stressors, and personality factors influencing stress appraisal. This will provide a better insight into the etiology and consequences of OT necessary for prevention and treatment in sport practice, and enhance the focus on adequate recovery (good sleep, sufficient rest periods) and athletes' stress-related responses.

Exhaustive Swimming Exercise Related Kidney Injury in Rats – Protective Effects of Acetylbritannilactone

“…Overtraining or excessive training may lead to various states of short-term maladaptation in the human system or eventually overtraining syndrome (OTS) [ 30 ] . Exercise rhabdomyolysis (ER) is a catastrophic condition of the OTS, where muscle fi bers breakdown in response to exertion and release their breakdown products into the circulation [ 2 -4 , 14 , 19 , 29 , 33 , 34 ] .…”

The role of sleep in maximising performance in elite athletes

“…However, a short-term planned episode of recovery (e.g., a day off following a strenuous practise session) stimulates longterm restorative effects. On the contrary, an increase of training load and intensity over a longer time accompanied by inadequate or inappropriate recovery may end in long-term underrecovery followed by overtraining Roose, de Vries, Schmikli, Backx, & van Doornen, 2009). At each stage, recovery can work as a regulatory mechanism.…”

Heart rate modulations in overtraining syndrome

“…Currently, several markers (hormones, performance test scores, psychological test scores, and biochemical and immune markers) are used, but none of these markers meet all the criteria for their use to be generally accepted (5). Many review articles have offered explanations for the mechanism behind the OTS (5,6,12,(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). Numerous hypotheses have been proposed for OTS (glycogen hypothesis, central fatigue hypothesis, glutamine hypothesis, oxidative stress hypothesis, autonomic nervous system hypothesis, hypothalamic hypothesis, cytokine hypothesis), each with strengths and weaknesses (6).…”