Evaluation Challenges for the Application of Extended Reality Devices in Medicine

Beams, Ryan; Brown, Ellenor; Cheng, Wei‐Chung; Joyner, Janell S.; Kim, Andrea S.; Kontson, Kimberly; Amiras, Dimitri; Baeuerle, Tassilo; Greenleaf, Walter J.; Grossmann, Rafael J.; Gupta, Atul; Hamilton, Christoffer; Hua, Hong; Huynh, Tran Tu; Leuze, Christoph; Murthi, Sarah B.; Penczek, John; Silva, Jennifer; Spiegel, Brennan M.; Varshney, Amitabh; Badano, Aldo

doi:10.1007/s10278-022-00622-x

Cited by 41 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…VR and AR applications in healthcare, medicine, and rehabilitation are revolutionising the way professionals approach patient care; with their ability to provide immersive, interactive, and engaging experiences, these technologies hold the potential to improve patient outcomes and reduce costs, making them an important area for further research and investment. Moreover, they are becoming essential tools in Biomedicine and Bioengineering because of their ability to provide accurate, interactive, and immersive simulations of biological systems [ 88 ]. Thus, these technologies make it possible to deliver home-based assessments and interventions or telehealth, potentially offering cost-effective alternatives in several areas [ 59 , 89 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rehabilitation Is the Main Topic in Virtual and Augmented Reality and Physical Activity Research: A Bibliometric Analysis

Denche-Zamorano

Rodríguez-Redondo

Barrios-Fernández

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Researchers’ interest in finding practical applications for virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies has increased as new devices have become cheaper and more accessible, being used in entertainment, healthcare, and rehabilitation fields, among others. This study aims to provide an overview of the current state of scientific literature related to VR, AR, and physical activity (PA). A bibliometric analysis of studies published between 1994 and 2022 was conducted using The Web of Science (WoS), applying the traditional bibliometric laws and using the VOSviewer software for data and metadata processing. The results revealed an exponential increase in scientific production between 2009 and 2021 (R2 = 94%). The United States (USA) was the country/region with the most relevant co-authorship networks (72 papers); the most prolific author was Kerstin Witte, and the most prominent was Richard Kulpa. The most productive journal’s core was composed of high-impact and open access journals. A great thematic diversity was found according to the most used keywords by the co-authors, highlighting concepts such as rehabilitation, cognition, training, and obesity. Then, the research related to this topic is in an exponential development phase, with great interest in the rehabilitation and sports sciences fields.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rehabilitation Is the Main Topic in Virtual and Augmented Reality and Physical Activity Research: A Bibliometric Analysis

Denche-Zamorano

Rodríguez-Redondo

Barrios-Fernández

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…The unique display characteristics and more complicated hardware design compared to conventional displays raise significant challenges in regulatory evaluation of VR devices for medical use. 12 Currently, image quality assessments of VR HMDs are primarily based on methods and standards prior developed for conventional FPDs that may not be adequate to describe the image quality in VR. For example, Figure 2 shows that the spatially dependent Michelson contrast measured on a VR HMD using high-spatial-frequency stripe patterns following the IEC standard (IEC 63145-20-20).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radially variant contrast measurement in virtual reality headsets using circular concentric ring patterns

2023

Self Cite

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Image quality on virtual reality (VR) head‐mounted displays (HMDs) is radially variant on each eyepiece from the visual center (optical axis of the HMD) towards the periphery. The virtual image is blurred at the periphery of display field of view (FOV) resulting in contrast and resolution degradation. Conventional measurement methods adopted from flat‐panel display evaluation do not consider the spatially dependent image artifacts by additional optical components such as HMD lenses and thus may not be adequate to assess the VR image quality. We develop a new method using circular concentric ring patterns to measure the radially variant Michelson contrast on multiple VR HMDs. The results show that measured image contrast reduces towards the periphery of display FOV especially at high‐spatial frequencies. In addition, image quality on VR HMDs can be affected by the 3D position of the eye (or the camera) within the eyebox. Specifically, contrast is further degraded if the interpupillary distance (IPD) setting of the HMD does not match that of the user. It also varies with the entrance pupil location of the light‐measuring device. We propose an efficient method for image quality evaluation that can facilitate the regulatory evaluation of VR headsets.

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“…In the spatial domain, MXR image quality is affected by limited image resolution, optical aberration, luminance nonuniformity, and color shifts. 4 In addition, MXR image perception in an immersive environment are subject to 3D motions of the digital content and human subject. Motion combined with limited display temporal performance can further degrade the MXR image quality in the spatiotemporal domain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal image quality in medical extended reality

Zhao

Beams

Badano

2023

Medical Imaging 2023: Image Perception, Observer Performance, and Technology Assessment

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Unlike conventional displays, medical image perception in medical extended reality (MXR) applications often involves relative motion between the digital content and the subject with additional sources of noise in the spatial and temporal domains that affects the MXR image quality. We describe a spatiotemporal image perception model with static and dynamic signal and noise configurations. The 3D spatiotemporal noise is decomposed into 2D spatial noise and time-dependent noise with motion. The noise in the temporal domain is categorized into time-invariant fixed pattern noise (FPN) and temporal noise that varies per display frame. Visual integration of the moving signal and noise emulates the spatiotemporal image perception of dynamic detection targets in a smooth-pursuit event. A target detection model is implemented to compute the detectability of both low-contrast and high-resolution signal-known-exactly/background-known-exactly (SKE/BKE) targets in various static and dynamic imaging configurations using a non-pre-whitening model observer with eye filter (NPWE). Smooth pursuit of a moving target suppresses the high-frequency dynamic resolution and noise in the orientation tangential to the motion trajectory. For the dynamic signal and noise configuration, the reduction of both resolution and high-frequency noise results in similar target detectability compared to the reference static image perception. On the other hand, the visibility of a moving target with static FPN is enhanced due to noise aliasing. Visual integration for approximately 33 ms of time-variant temporal noise at 90 Hz display refresh rate reduces the effective noise compared to the FPN by temporal fusion of noise in neighboring display frames. Spatiotemporal integration of dynamic signal and noise can potentially affect image quality. Complete assessment of image quality in MXR devices needs to consider the contributions from 3D spatiotemporal characteristics.

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Evaluation Challenges for the Application of Extended Reality Devices in Medicine

Cited by 41 publications

References 40 publications

Rehabilitation Is the Main Topic in Virtual and Augmented Reality and Physical Activity Research: A Bibliometric Analysis

Rehabilitation Is the Main Topic in Virtual and Augmented Reality and Physical Activity Research: A Bibliometric Analysis

Radially variant contrast measurement in virtual reality headsets using circular concentric ring patterns

Spatiotemporal image quality in medical extended reality

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