Higher vocational education has developed rapidly and attracted wide attention. Teaching quality evaluation is an important part of teaching management in classroom teaching and is an important part of teaching management. Based on the theory of teaching quality, 16 evaluation indicators are identified from the four aspects of teaching attitude, teaching content, teaching process, and teaching results and an HVE quality evaluation index system is constructed. The evaluation model is established by BP neural network algorithm. Finally, five higher vocational colleges in Henan Province are selected for empirical research. The results show that the evaluation model constructed in this paper has certain applicability and can provide a reference for HVE quality evaluation and improvement. Although the evaluation models herein have certain applicable values, further improvements are still needed in terms of indicator identification and correction.