Evaluation of absorbed dose in mammography: monte carlo simulation studies.

Abstract

Computer programs for calculation of the backscatter factor and absorbed dose in breast phantoms are developed based on Monte Carlo simulation. Rad/roentgen conversion factors are calculated for water, fat, a mixture of 50% water and 50% fat, and lucite irradiated with monoenergetic and polyenergetic x rays from a tungsten or molybdenum anode x-ray tube. These factors can be used to estimate skin dose, average depth dose, or average integral dose in a breast when the beam quality, exposure in air at the skin position, and composition of the breast are known. Calculated backscatter factors are considerably greater than measured values reported previously.

Glandular Breast Dose for Monoenergetic and High-Energy X-ray Beams: Monte Carlo Assessment

“…The assessment of radiation dose to the breast during mammography has been of interest to many investigators (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). Over the years, the normalized glandular dose (D gN ) has come to serve as the benchmark parameter, useful for calculating the glandular dose in clinical mammography.…”

Comparison of measured backscatter factors with Monte Carlo simulations for low energy X-ray

“…Theoretical calculations using the Monte Carlo method were performed by Doi and Chan [4], and Chan and Doi [5] performed by Grosswendt [3]. In this paper, BSFs were simulated using Monte Carlo calculations using the generalized particle transport program MCNPX.…”

An approach for obtaining the intensity of the radiation transmitted through a scatterer

“…Theoretical investigation of the properties of scattered radiation has been attempted and it has been proven that Monte Carlo (MC) calculation is the most successful method for the simulation of x-ray diffusion in a scattering medium [6][7][8][9][10][11]. The experimental verifications of the MC method have been demonstrated by several investigators [4,5,12,13].…”