Evaluation of an analytical method for the determination of polybrominated (PBDD/PBDF) in human adipose

Cramer, P.H.; Ayling, R.E.; Thornburg, K.R.; Stanley, J.S.; Remmers, J.C.; Breen, J. J.; Schwemberger, J.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(90)90188-y

“…For the three occupational groups, the concentrations (pmol/g lw) of BDE-47, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183, BDE-209, and the sum concentrations of these PBDE congeners, as well as of CB-153, are given in Table 3. BDE-209 was detected in 14 of 20 cleaners and in 13 of 20 clerks but was above the LOQ (0.7 ng/g lw) in 7 cleaners and 6 clerks. It was possible to quantify BDE-209 in all but two of the subjects working at the dismantling plant prior to their vacation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…PBDEs have been detected in sediments (6)(7)(8)(9), wildlife, and fish (5,6,(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15), and in human blood (16), mother's milk (17)(18)(19), and human adipose tissue (20,21). In biota, the dominating PBDE congener is 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) (10)(11)(12)(13)15,16,18,19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardant exposure: polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Swedish workers

Sjödin¹,

Hagmar²,

Klasson-Wehler³

et al. 1999

Environ Health Perspect

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as additives in polymers and teiles to prohibit the development offires. Because ofthe production and use of PBDEs, the lipophilic haracteristics, and persistence, these compounds have become ubiquitous environmental con aminants. The aim of the present study was to determine potential exposures of PBDE to derks working filltime at computer screen and persomnnel at an elecnics-disntling plant, with hospitl deaners as a control group. Five PBDE congeners-2,2',4,4'-tetraBDE; 2,2',4,4',5,2,2',4,4',5,2,2',3,4,4',5',

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“…In two studies from the United States (74,75), PBDEs were detected in human adipose tissue samples collected in 1987. The presence of PBDEs was demonstrated in all samples (48 composite samples from 865 individuals).…”

Section: Pbde Levels In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology.

Darnerud

¹

,

Eriksen

²

,

Johannesson

³

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in plastics (concentration, 5--30%) and in textile coatings. Commercial products consist predominantly of penta-, octa-, and decabromodiphenyl ether mixtures, and global PBDE production is about 40,000 tons per year. PBDEs are bioaccumulated and biomagnified in the environment, and comparatively high levels are often found in aquatic biotopes from different parts of the world. During the mid-1970--1980s there was a substantial increase in the PBDE levels with time in both sediments and aquatic biota, whereas the latest Swedish data (pike and guillemot egg) may indicate that levels are at steady state or are decreasing. However, exponentially increasing PBDE levels have been observed in mother's milk during 1972--1997. Based on levels in food from 1999, the dietary intake of PBDE in Sweden has been estimated to be 0.05 microg per day. Characteristic end points of animal toxicity are hepatotoxicity, embryotoxicity, and thyroid effects as well as maternal toxicity during gestation. Recently, behavioral effects have been observed in mice on administration of PBDEs during a critical period after birth. Based on the critical effects reported in available studies, we consider the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) value of the PBDE group to be 1 mg/kg/day (primarily based on effects of pentaBDEs). In conclusion, with the scientific knowledge of today and based on Nordic intake data, the possible consumer health risk from PBDEs appears limited, as a factor of over 10(6) separates the estimated present mean dietary intake from the suggested LOAEL value. However, the presence of many and important data gaps, including those in carcinogenicity, reproduction, and developmental toxicity, as well as additional routes of exposure, make this conclusion only preliminary. Moreover, the time trend of PBDEs in human breast milk is alarming for the future.

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“…They are often utilized to separate and concentrate pesticides [223][224][225], PCBs [152], [223], and PCDD/PCDFs [226][227][228][229][230] from such biological samples as blood, breast milk, fatty tissue, and foods. Normal phases are also used to extract polar sample constituents, such as amines, alcohols, phenols, dyes, medicaments, or vitamins [231].…”

Section: Solid-phase Extraction (Spe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sample Preparation for Trace Analysis

Begerow

¹

,

Dunemann

²

2006

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

2

0

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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. A Strategy Appropriate to Trace Analysis 1.2. Avoidance of Systematic Errors 1.2.1. Trace Losses and Contamination 1.2.2. Uncertainty 2. Sample Preparation and Digestion in Inorganic Analysis 2.1. Sample Treatment after the Sampling Process 2.1.1. Stabilization, Drying, and Storage 2.1.2. Homogenization and Aliquoting 2.1.3. Requirements with Respect to Materials and Chemicals 2.2. Sample‐Preparation Techniques; General Considerations 2.2.1. Special Factors Associated with Microwave‐Assisted Digestion 2.2.2. Safety Considerations 2.3. Wet Digestion Techniques 2.3.1. Wet Digestion at Atmospheric Pressure 2.3.2. Pressure Digestion 2.3.2.1. Thermally Convective Pressure Digestion 2.3.2.2. Microwave‐Assisted Pressure Digestion 2.4. “Dry” Digestion Techniques 2.4.1. Combustion in Air 2.4.2. Combustion in Oxygen 2.4.3. Cold‐Plasma Ashing 2.4.4. Fusion 2.5. Illustrative Examples 2.5.1. Sample Preparation as a Function of Analytical Method 2.5.2. Combined Use of Multiple Decomposition Techniques 2.5.3. Comparative Merits of the Various Sample‐Preparation Techniques 2.5.4. Decomposition Procedures for Determining Nonmetals 2.6. Evaluation Criteria 2.6.1. Completeness 2.6.2. Uncertainty 2.6.3. Time Factors 2.6.4. The Final Result 2.7. Concentration and Separation of Inorganic Trace Materials 2.8. Automation and Direct Analysis 2.8.1. Automation 2.8.2. Direct Analysis 2.9. Analysis of Element Species 3. Sample Preparation in Organic Analysis 3.1. Sample Treatment after the Sampling Process 3.1.1. Stabilization, Drying, and Storage 3.1.2. Homogenization and Aliquoting 3.1.3. Requirements with Respect to Materials and Chemicals 3.2. Separation of the Analyte 3.2.1. Hydrolysis 3.2.2. Liquid ‐ Liquid Extraction 3.2.3. Soxhlet Extraction 3.2.4. Microwave‐Assisted Solvent Extraction 3.2.5. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) 3.2.6. Solid‐Phase Extraction (SPE) 3.2.7. Solid‐Phase Microextraction (SPME) 3.2.8. Stir‐Bar Adsorptive Extraction (SBSE) 3.2.9. Miscellaneous Techniques 3.3. Headspace Techniques 3.3.1. Static Headspace Technique 3.3.2. Dynamic Headspace Technique (Purge and Trap) 3.4. Determination of Trace Organic Materials in Air Samples 3.5. Analyte Concentration 3.6. Derivatization 3.7. Coupled Techniques Trace analysis is a very relevant and applications‐oriented branch of analytical chemistry. The sample preparation for trace analysis must be custom‐tailored to the problem at hand. Systematic errors can arise by contact with vessel materials, reagents, or the ambient atmosphere, as well as any change in chemical or physical state. In inorganic analysis, sample preparation has to meet the requirements for a substantially trouble‐free determination of the analyte. Digestion of the matrix (microwave digestion, wet digestion, dry digestion techniques) and subsequent careful comparison of several decomposition techniques is therefore an essentially important step. Some separation and concentration techniques of the analytes are liquid –liquid extraction, solid‐phase extraction, special precipitation reactions, and electrolytic deposition. The introduction of laboratory robots should make it possible to incorporate a significant degree of automation into the time‐consuming, labor‐intensive area of sample preparation as well, leading to more efficient, reliable, and reproducible sample work‐up. The goal of sample preparation in organic trace analysis is to isolate the analyte from the sample matrix (e.g., liquid‐liquid extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave‐assisted solvent extraction, steam distillation) and then concentrate it and convert it into a form suitable for analysis by the selected method. Separation and concentration of an analyte must often be followed by some type of derivatization. Various coupled sample preparation and determination processes are increasingly utilized in trace organic analysis.

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Evaluation of an analytical method for the determination of polybrominated (PBDD/PBDF) in human adipose

Cited by 26 publications

References 1 publication

Flame retardant exposure: polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Swedish workers

Flame retardant exposure: polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Swedish workers

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology.

Sample Preparation for Trace Analysis

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