Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and genotoxicity potentials of the fractions of <i>Archidium ohioense</i> (Schimp. Ex Mull) extract

Abstract

This study evaluated red blood cell (rbc) membrane stabilization and albumin denaturation, xanthine oxidase and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities of n-hexane (Hex), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), butanol (BuOH) and aqueous (Aq) fractions of Archidium ohioense methanolic extract using standard procedures. Diclofenac was used as a positive control for both rbc membrane stabilization and albumin denaturation studies while allopurinol and ascorbic acid respectively were used as positive control for xanthine oxidase and lipoxygenase inhibition measurements. Furthermore, genotoxic effect of the two most active fractions of the extract (EtOAc and DCM) on Allium cepa meristematic cells was investigated. Results showed that all the fractions inhibited heat-induced bovine serum albumin denaturation activity with the EtOAc and DCM fractions exhibiting better inhibitory activity than other fractions. Also, all the fractions except aqueous fraction compared favourably with the diclofenac (maximum stability of 86.94±0.00%) and protected stressed erythrocyte membrane at various concentrations tested. The maximum percentage erythrocyte stabilities were 97.39±0.00, 96.23±0.00, 91.85±0.00, 87.71±0.00 and 23.93±0.01% for A. ohioense EtOAc, DCM, n-Hex, BuOH and Aq fractions, respectively. It was observed that EtOAc fraction, DCM fraction and ascorbic acid inhibited lipoxygenase activity by 70.00±2.36, 75.00±1.67, and 62.50±8.84% respectively while 71.67±3.54, 50.00±0.00 and 77.50±1.76% of xanthine oxidase inhibition were elicited by EtOAc fraction, DCM fraction and allopurinol respectively. EtOAc and DCM fractions showed significant reduction in mitotic index and root lengths of Allium cepa at higher concentrations. Also, sticky chromosomes were observed for EtOAc (300 µg/ml) and DCM (300-350 µg/ml) fractions. It was concluded that A. ohioense plant possesses antiinflammatory potential with the EtOAc and DCM fractions demonstrating very strong anti-inflammatory activity and compare favourably with standard reference drug (diclofenac). However, these fractions inhibited cell division of A. cepa cells at higher concentration.

Lipoxygenase Inhibition by Plant Extracts

“…Furthermore, methanol seed extract of Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae) and ethanol extract of Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) showed LOX inhibition of 58.4% and 65.0%, at a concentration of 500 µg/mL, respectively [67,68]. Archidium ohioense (Archidiaceae) plant was extracted in four organic solvents and water [69]. Ethyl acetate and dichloromethane extract were the most active and showed inhibition against LOX of 75.0% and 71.6% at a concentration of 50 µg/mL, respectively.…”

Phenolic and antioxidant evaluation of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of unripe <i>Citrus reticulata</i> peels

“…The presence of bioactive metabolites contributes to the medicinal functions of plants (Akinpelu et al, 2018). Phenolics possess diverse biological activities, such as antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumour and antidepressant activities (Mamta et al, 2013).…”

Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effects of Methanolic Extract and Fractions of Mirabilis jalapa (L.) Leaf

“…The crude methanolic leaf extract of M. jalapa was dissolved in distilled H2O and successively partitioned with n-hexane (n-Hex), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), butanol (BuOH) and water (Aqeous) [13]. The solvent fractions were concentrated in vacuo on rotary evaporator to produce n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions respectively.…”

“…Methanolic crude extract and fractions (nhexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous) of M. jalapa leaf were evaluated for root growth inhibitory potential using Allium cepa model [13].…”

“…Allium cepa assay is an important in vivo test used by researchers to evaluate the toxicity of any chemical agent or substance. The roots are grown in direct contact with the test material enabling possible damage to DNA of humans to be predicted [12,13,14]. Additionally, brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) is a simple and economical bioassay used globally for testing the efficacy of chemical agents and plant extracts for presence of toxic principle(s) or effects of test sample on acute overdose [15,16].…”