Evaluation of appropriate technologies for grey water treatments and reuses

Li, Fangyue; Wichmann, K.; Otterpohl, Ralf

doi:10.2166/wst.2009.854

Cited by 34 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Although, in the present study, the VFCW system was selected for GW treatment, because it requires less space (1 to 2 m 2 per employee) than other constructed wetlands configurations, in addition, it offers a more appropriate and robust treatment within urban settings [55]. Both MBR and VFCW are not inappropriate to a UK setting [4,30,55,56]. The various sizes of VFCW are shown in Table 8.…”

Section: Expenses: Capex and Opexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shared Urban Greywater Recycling Systems: Water Resource Savings and Economic Investment

Zadeh

Hunt

Lombardi³

et al. 2013

Sustainability

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Abstract:The water industry is becoming increasingly aware of the risks associated with urban supplies not meeting demands by 2050. Greywater (GW) recycling for non-potable uses (e.g., urinal and toilet flushing) provides an urban water management strategy to help alleviate this risk by reducing main water demands. This paper proposes an innovative cross connected system that collects GW from residential buildings and recycles it for toilet/urinal flushing in both residential and office buildings. The capital cost (CAPEX), operational cost (OPEX) and water saving potential are calculated for individual and shared residential and office buildings in an urban mixed-use regeneration area in the UK, assuming two different treatment processes; a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and a vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW). The Net Present Value (NPV) method was used to compare the financial performance of each considered scenario, from where it was found that a shared GW recycling system (MBR) was the most economically viable option. The sensitivity of this financial model was assessed, considering four parameters (i.e., water supply and sewerage charges, discount rate(s), service life and improved technological efficiency, e.g., low flush toilets, low shower heads, etc.), from where it was found that shared GW systems performed best in the long-term. OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2013, 5 2888

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Section: Expenses: Capex and Opexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shared Urban Greywater Recycling Systems: Water Resource Savings and Economic Investment

Zadeh

Hunt

Lombardi³

et al. 2013

Sustainability

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“…A selection of greywater reuse scenario analyses are presented below which have been based on typical reuse scenarios found in the literature (Christova-Boal et al, 1996 andDixon et al, 1999;Nolde et al, 1999;Friedler, 2004, Andersson and Dalsgaard, 2004, Pidou et al, 2007and Li et al, 2009). In the associated calculations 100% implementation of the specified treatment and reuse technology has been assumed.…”

Section: Scenario Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems

Donner¹,

Eriksson²,

Revitt³

et al. 2010

Science of The Total Environment

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A wide range of household sources may potentially contribute to contaminant loads in domestic greywater. The ability of greywater treatment systems to act as emission control barriers for household micropollutants, thereby providing environmental benefits in addition to potable water savings, have not been fully explored. This paper investigates the sources, presence and potential fate of a selection of xenobiotic micropollutants in on-site greywater treatment systems. All of the investigated compounds are listed under the European Water Framework Directive as either "Priority Substances" (PS) or "Priority Hazardous Substances" (PHS). Significant knowledge gaps are identified. A wide range of potential treatment trains are available for greywater treatment and reuse but treatment efficiency data for priority substances and other micropollutants is very limited. Geochemical modelling indicates that PS/PHS removal during treatment is likely to be predominantly due to sludge/solid phase adsorption, with only minor contributions to the water phase. Many PS/PHS are resistant to biodegradation and as the majority of automated greywater treatment plants periodically discharge sludge to the municipal sewerage system, greywater treatment is unlikely to act as a comprehensive PS/PHS emission barrier. Hence, it is important to ensure that other source control options (e.g. eco-labeling, substance substitution, and regulatory controls) for household items continue to be pursued, in order that PS/PHS emissions from these sources are effectively reduced and/or phased out as required under the demands of the European Water Framework Directive.

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“…Wynika to z faktu, że pod prysznicem zużywamy mniej wody niż w wannie przy podobnym użyciu środków higieny osobistej. W tym przypadku poziom ChZT określono w granicach 100÷633 mg/dm 3 , a stężenie BZT 5 w granicach 50÷300 mg/dm 3 [9]. Zanieczyszczenia znajdujące się w tych ściekach są łatwo rozpuszczalne, dlatego też czas ich magazynowania powinien być na tyle krótki, by nie doszło do procesów gnilnych [4].…”

Section: Charakterystyka Jakościowa Szarych śCiekówunclassified

“…Zanieczyszczenia znajdujące się w tych ściekach są łatwo rozpuszczalne, dlatego też czas ich magazynowania powinien być na tyle krótki, by nie doszło do procesów gnilnych [4]. Niskie stężenie azotu i fosforu powoduje, że dawkowanie związków biologicznych jest konieczne w przypadku ich oczyszczania biologicznego [9].…”

Section: Charakterystyka Jakościowa Szarych śCiekówunclassified

“…Ścieki pochodzące z łazienek są w Europie najczęściej pozyskiwane. W takich państwach jak Niemcy czy Holandia ścieki te obejmują także odpływ z pralki, natomiast w Anglii zakres ten poszerzają również wody pochodzące z umywalek czy wanny [9]. Porównując skład jakościowy wody szarej mieszanej do tej pochodzącej z pojedynczych źródeł, można zauważyć, że ścieki mieszane charakteryzują się mniejszym zakresem stężeń w stosunku do tych pochodzących z jednostkowych generatorów.…”

Section: Charakterystyka Jakościowa Szarych śCiekówunclassified

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Prospects and Potential Risks of Gray Water Reuse

Grzelak

Fijałkiewicz-Kozieł

2017

Eng. Prot. Environ.

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The present article is aimed to find out more about advantages and disadvantages of the gray waste water management. Grey water has been used in other countries for a long time. In Poland is still a novel method of recycling. Due to the many advantages, mainly linked to the environment protection, but also economic, social, technical or town-planning constraints, it can become an alternative solution in public buildings and, traditional Polish houses. Gray water system usually requires a larger financial contribution, due to the need for building a double installation comparing to the traditional installation of waste water management. The examples of other countries like Germany or France show that benefits from having this system compensate money invested. On the basis of literature the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of grey waste water was presented. A case study of Hotel Gołębiewski in Karpacz is described as a first example of use a gray water system. The entire hotel complex uses gray water to wash and toilet flush in hotel rooms. The owners of Gołębiewski complex have already introduced many proecological initiatives in area of water management and conservation.Keywords: grey water, recycling, grey water system Wstęp Woda jest istotnym elementem, warunkującym życie i rozwój organizmów żywych, w tym człowieka [1]. Już w przeszłości egzystencja ludzi była uzależniona od dostępności wody, a wraz z rozwojem cywilizacji uznano, że zasoby wody są nieskończone i powszechne [2]. W dobie, kiedy zasoby wody na Ziemi się kurczą, szuka się sposobu, aby efektywnie zminimalizować jej zużycie, ograniczając pobór wody pitnej do celów, które nie potrzebują tak wysokiej jakości. W związku z tym opracowano kilka metod, które pomagają człowiekowi zrealizować to założenie. Możemy zaliczyć do nich między innymi ograniczenie zużycia wody wodociągowej poprzez instalacje tak zwanych perlatorów na bateriach czerpalnych, czyli urządzeń, które zmniejszają wypływ wody z wylewki, co pozwala na zmniejszenie zużycia bieżącej wody nawet o ok. 15% [2].Innym przykładem technologii, która pomaga oszczędzać zasoby wody, są budynki autonomiczne zaprojektowane w taki sposób, aby mogły funkcjonować

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Evaluation of appropriate technologies for grey water treatments and reuses

Cited by 34 publications

References 34 publications

Shared Urban Greywater Recycling Systems: Water Resource Savings and Economic Investment

Shared Urban Greywater Recycling Systems: Water Resource Savings and Economic Investment

Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems

Prospects and Potential Risks of Gray Water Reuse

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