Abstract:It is known that inflammatory organ damages due to various agents, such as microorganisms including mycoplasmas, lead to oxidative stress. Nitric oxide (NO) functions as an antimicrobial agent, and arginase decreases proinflammatory cytokine release. There are very few studies on arginase activity, NO level and oxidative stress status in mycoplasmal infections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate erythrocyte arginase activity, plasma NO level and oxidative stress status in sheep with contagious ag… Show more
“…In consequence, large amounts of NO are synthesized, exceeding the physiological NO production by up to 1000-fold (Wallace 2005;Sharma et al, 2007). It was reported that NO concentrations in animals with bacterial (Nisbet et al, 2007;Li et al, 2010;Hanedan et al, 2017), viral (Kandemir et al, 2011;Bozukluhan et al, 2013) and parasitic diseases (Kontas and Salmanoglu 2006) increased compared to healthy controls. It was determined that NO concentrations increased in cattle with TRP (Atakisi et al, 2010) and traumatic pericarditis (Ozkan et al, 2012).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It has been reported that NO has pro-inflammatory and injurious effects on several systems (Van Der Vielt et al, 2000;Sharma et al, 2007). NO is known to play a major role in the primary defence against several species of bacteria (Degroote and Fang 1999;Nisbet et al, 2007;Hanedan et al, 2017), viruses (Issi et al, 2010;Kandemir et al, 2011) and parasites (Kontas and Salmanoglu 2006;Hanedan et al, 2015). NO also regulates the motility of the rumen and reticulum in cattle (Onaga et al, 2001).…”
The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, erythrocyte arginase (ARG) activity, plasma fibrinogen (Fb) and serum iron (Fe) levels and some biochemical parameters in dairy cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP). The animal material of the study consisted of 14 Swiss Brown cows diagnosed with TRP (TRP group) between 4-8 years old brought to Firat University Animal Hospital Clinics and 14 healthy Swiss Brown cows (control group) aged 4-8 years obtained from dairy farms in different regions. Blood samples were taken from the vena jugularis of the animals. Concentrations of plasma NO, Fb, erythrocyte ARG activity, and some biochemical markers were determined after the serum and plasma of the receiving blood were separated. While the NO (318.9±5.8 vs. 270.3±9.6 μmol/L) concentrations of the TRP group were found to be significantly higher than the control group (P<0.001), the erythrocyte ARG activity (29.5±0.5 vs. 35.2±1.0 U/hb) was found to be higher in the control group (P<0.001). It was also observed that total protein (TP) (6.6±0.5 vs. 7.8±0.1 g/dL) (P<0.05) and Fb (914.3±68.6 vs. 265.4±19.8 mg/dL) (P<0.001) concentrations were higher in the TRP group, compared to the control group, while albumin (ALB) (1.9±0.2 vs. 3.1±0.1 g/dL) and Fe (47.00±5.29 vs.106.79±9.44 μg/dL) concentrations were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.001). In addition, a positive correlation was found between NO and Fb concentrations and between erythrocyte ARG activity and Fe concentrations. As a result, it was determined that NO concentrations were increased and erythrocyte ARG activity was not significant in dairy cows with TRP. In addition, increased plasma Fb concentration and decreased serum Fe concentration were determined in dairy cows with TRP. This study demonstrated that plasma NO, Fb and serum Fe concentrations in dairy cows with TRP may be useful markers for prognosis.
“…In consequence, large amounts of NO are synthesized, exceeding the physiological NO production by up to 1000-fold (Wallace 2005;Sharma et al, 2007). It was reported that NO concentrations in animals with bacterial (Nisbet et al, 2007;Li et al, 2010;Hanedan et al, 2017), viral (Kandemir et al, 2011;Bozukluhan et al, 2013) and parasitic diseases (Kontas and Salmanoglu 2006) increased compared to healthy controls. It was determined that NO concentrations increased in cattle with TRP (Atakisi et al, 2010) and traumatic pericarditis (Ozkan et al, 2012).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It has been reported that NO has pro-inflammatory and injurious effects on several systems (Van Der Vielt et al, 2000;Sharma et al, 2007). NO is known to play a major role in the primary defence against several species of bacteria (Degroote and Fang 1999;Nisbet et al, 2007;Hanedan et al, 2017), viruses (Issi et al, 2010;Kandemir et al, 2011) and parasites (Kontas and Salmanoglu 2006;Hanedan et al, 2015). NO also regulates the motility of the rumen and reticulum in cattle (Onaga et al, 2001).…”
The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, erythrocyte arginase (ARG) activity, plasma fibrinogen (Fb) and serum iron (Fe) levels and some biochemical parameters in dairy cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP). The animal material of the study consisted of 14 Swiss Brown cows diagnosed with TRP (TRP group) between 4-8 years old brought to Firat University Animal Hospital Clinics and 14 healthy Swiss Brown cows (control group) aged 4-8 years obtained from dairy farms in different regions. Blood samples were taken from the vena jugularis of the animals. Concentrations of plasma NO, Fb, erythrocyte ARG activity, and some biochemical markers were determined after the serum and plasma of the receiving blood were separated. While the NO (318.9±5.8 vs. 270.3±9.6 μmol/L) concentrations of the TRP group were found to be significantly higher than the control group (P<0.001), the erythrocyte ARG activity (29.5±0.5 vs. 35.2±1.0 U/hb) was found to be higher in the control group (P<0.001). It was also observed that total protein (TP) (6.6±0.5 vs. 7.8±0.1 g/dL) (P<0.05) and Fb (914.3±68.6 vs. 265.4±19.8 mg/dL) (P<0.001) concentrations were higher in the TRP group, compared to the control group, while albumin (ALB) (1.9±0.2 vs. 3.1±0.1 g/dL) and Fe (47.00±5.29 vs.106.79±9.44 μg/dL) concentrations were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.001). In addition, a positive correlation was found between NO and Fb concentrations and between erythrocyte ARG activity and Fe concentrations. As a result, it was determined that NO concentrations were increased and erythrocyte ARG activity was not significant in dairy cows with TRP. In addition, increased plasma Fb concentration and decreased serum Fe concentration were determined in dairy cows with TRP. This study demonstrated that plasma NO, Fb and serum Fe concentrations in dairy cows with TRP may be useful markers for prognosis.
“…Other countries from Southeast Europe (Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia) and the Maghreb (Tunisia, Algeria, Libya) did not report any CA and some Eastern Mediterranean countries (Lebanon, Egypt, Turkey) either gave no information or no reports. However, the scientific literature does feature clinical cases or surveys of CA for several of these countries: (i) Bosnia and Herzegovina where a survey on respiratory and ocular samples evidenced a few cases of Mmc, Mcc, and Mp in both sheep and goats,46 (ii) North Macedonia, where several Ma CA cases in sheep and goats were reported,127 and (iii) Turkey, where Ma appeared to be dominant in both sheep and goats (15% Ma -positive in 234 individual samples) 45,128. This clearly underlines how, despite mandatory notification, CA remains overlooked by national veterinary services.Figure 1Distribution of contagious agalactia in 2014 and 2018 in Mediterranean countries according to OIE reporting.…”
Contagious agalactia (CA) is a disease caused equally by four Mycoplasma species, in single or mixed infections. Clinical signs are multiple, including mastitis, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, pneumonia, and septicemia, non-specific, and expressed differently depending whether sheep or goats are affected, on causative mycoplasmas as well as type of husbandry. CA has been reported worldwide and its geographic distribution maps to that of small ruminant breeding areas. However, as current diagnostic tests are expensive and difficult to implement, it is certainly underdiagnosed and prevalence data are only available for a few countries. CA control relies on vaccines, chemotherapy and good herd management practices. It requires long-term commitment but is often unsuccessful, with frequent clinical relapses. The persistence of the etiological agents, despite their overall susceptibility to antimicrobials, comes from their genetic plasticity and capacity to escape the host immune response. The existence of asymptomatic carriers and the numerous sources of infections contribute to rapid spread of the disease and complicate the control and prevention efforts. Here we review all these aspects in order to highlight recent progress made and identify gaps in knowledge or tools needed for better disease management. Discussion also underlines the detrimental effect of contagious agalactia on small ruminant welfare.
“…It is principally caused by a specific pathogen, Mycoplasma agalactiae, and characterised by lesions of the mammary glands, joints and eyes (4). According to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and as borne out by numerous research undertakings, contagious agalactia of sheep and goats is endemic in Greece (13), Italy (6), Iran (14,24,25), Spain (2,11), Turkey (15) and Romania (20). Localised foci of the disease have also been described in Ghana and Israel (1).…”
IntroductionThe aim of the study was to determine how the spread of contagious agalactia in sheep and goats in the Odesa region depended on the age of the animals and the season.Material and MethodsFrom January 2016 to December 2018, 1,964 ewes and 1,484 nanny goats of different age groups were studied by ELISA for antibodies to Mycoplasma agalactiae.ResultsThe highest incidence of contagious agalactia was registered in one-year-old animals and was 59.7‒83.0%, two-year-old ruminants showed 17.0‒40.3% prevalence, in livestock at the age of 3–4 years no serological evidence of the disease was registered and in ewes and nanny goats older than 5–6 years 1.5–3.6% were infected. The most susceptible were young animals at the age of one-month (11.6‒14.5%). The first peak of the disease was recorded in March‒April (21.0‒26.1%), in the lambing period, which coincided with the beginning of lactation and the suckling period, and the second peak occurred in June–July (28.9‒34.2%), the period of maximum lactation and of manual milking of sheep and goats.ConclusionThe results of serological investigations indicate the circulation of M. agalactiae in small ruminants in the south of Ukraine. To avoid greater dissemination of the pathogen, appropriate measures should be applied and strategies for its control need to be drawn up.
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