Evaluation of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in sheep naturally infected with Dicrocoelium dendriticum and hydatid cysts

Abstract

Introduction Parasitic diseases caused by liver trematodes have an important place among many parasitic infections causing reduced productivity in animals. Liver trematodes constitute an important parasitic group affecting domestic ruminants around the world and in Turkey. Animals infected by this parasite manifest symptoms such as deterioration of overall status, edema, anemia, and weakness. It has been reported that in infected animals the bile ducts are dilated, the gall bladder is filled with bile, and the liver becomes fibrotic and cirrhotic and thus stiffer and hard to dissect over time (1). Among liver trematodes, D. dendriticum settles in the liver of ruminants and causes weight loss and reduced milk yield (2). Another parasite causing hepatic injury in sheep is the hydatid cyst, which is the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus. After ingestion of food material contaminated by canine feces, hydatid cysts primarily infect ruminants, but also camels, rabbits, pigs, humans, and monkeys. It primarily involves the liver, but also the lungs, spleen, and heart, and rarely other organs. Since its larvae involve the liver and lungs of intermediary hosts, they do not pose many problems when young. When they are fully grown, however, they cause jaundice if they reside in the liver. Hepatic dysfunction leads to digestive disorders, while cysts in other organ systems give rise to organ-specific disorders (3). Biochemical changes in blood are used to diagnose many disorders (4). Important changes can occur in the serum biochemistry of animals during parasitic infections (5,6). These infections are held responsible for hypoproteinemia and reduced levels of trace elements due mainly to malabsorption and increase in liver enzymes due to resulting hepatic injury (5,7). Dağoğlu et al. (8) reported that tissue injury induced by parasites involving the liver, such as D. dendriticum, caused altered serum enzymatic activity, which is particularly important for early detection of toxic hepatic injury. Minerals have an important role in maintaining normal physiological functions and protecting organisms against disease. These substances are found in the structure of cofactors that are necessary for enzymatic activity. Copper (Cu) is an element that must be supplied in the diet of domestic livestock. Its deficiency is characterized by oxidation disturbance, anemia, hair depigmentation,

Perturbation of liver function markers and serum electrolytes associated with Echinococcus granulosus infection in sheep

“…Thus, the graduated reduction in ALB and TP levels that are indicated in the current study seems to be associated with an increase in liver's hydatid cyst infection ratio, which may be caused by expand growing of hydatid cysts in the liver. In agreement with the current data, during endoparasitic infections such as hydatid cysts and Dicrocoelium dendriticum infection, high plasma levels of liver enzymes such as AST and ALT with low level of TP and vitamin-A were determined (25).…”

Kist Hidatik ile Doğal Enfekte Koyunlarda Bazı Biyokimyasal Parametrelerin Araştırılması

“…In this study, the increases detected in the AST activities and total bilirubin levels of the sheep with Cystic echinococcosis (Heidarpour et al, 2012;Cinar et al, 2018), and the increase in the total protein (Ayaz et al, 2006;Sagkan-Ozturk et al, 2015) and globulin levels (Ayaz et al, 2006) are consistent with the results of the aforementioned studies. Yuksek et al (2007) report that the ALP and AST activities of sheep infected with endoparasites are higher compared to healthy animals and that the increase is caused by the necrosis or cholestasis of the hepatic cells.…”

“…In a study conducted by Cinar et al (2018) indicated that there were greater AST (p<0.001), ALP (p<0.05), and total bilirubin (p<0.001) levels of sheep infected with the cyst compared to the control group. On the other hand, total protein (p<0.001) and Mg (p<0.05) levels were found to be lower.…”

“…Considering the relationship of the cystic echinococcosis with certain biochemical parameters, various studies were thus performed both in humans (Koltas et al, 2006;Ersayit et al, 2009;Kilic et al, 2010), sheep (Sagkan-Ozturk et al, 2015Cinar et al, 2018;Irak et al, 2018) and cattle (Yarim et al, 2010, Heidarpour et al, 2013Hanedan et al, 2015). The fact that clinical findings are not conclusive in cystic echinococcosis, and the parasitologic examinations being unable to provide specific results, makes the disease difficult to diagnose in intermediate hosts.…”

The effects of glucose and ascorbic acid on in vitro development of Echinococcus granulosus metacestodes

“…Vitamin C may protect host cells and also reduce the rate of infection during infection diseases such as echinococcosis. However, Cinar et al in a study in 2018 reported that vitamin C plasma level in sheep naturally infected with hydatid cysts was not affected by infection (Cinar et al 2018). However, further studies are needed to determine the exact effect of ascorbic acid on E.granulosus larval stages.…”