Evaluation of Bone Regeneration Potential of Long-Term Soaked Natural Hydroxyapatite

Abstract

Natural hydroxyapatite (HA) was derived from pig bones (PBs) for tissue engineering applications through heat treatment. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDX), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were employed for the analysis of heat-treated PB powder. In addition, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectroscopy was applied to examine the phase organizations and chemical composition of PB powder. The Ca/P ratio in bone powder was between 1.5 and 1.6. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies were performed to assess the biocompatibility of long-term soaked bone powder. These results can be used to (i) establish chemical characterization by analyzing SEM microstructures and undertaking XRD, XRF, EDX, FTIR, and ICP atomic emission spectrometry; (ii) perform cytotoxicity evaluations using human mesenchymal stem cells; and (iii) conduct assessments using an in vivo animal model and histological observations. No significant changes in chemical composition were observed in long-term soaked samples with respect to the original HA. Cells properly adhered to the surface of soaked samples, and rapid hilling of the defected skull was observed in the presence of the soaked sample, indicating its potential for use as a tissue engineering biomaterial. These results suggested that heat treatment at 1200 °C could produce natural bioceramics based on calcium phosphate, which retained their osteogenic potential after 36 months of soaking.

Human Teeth-Derived Bioceramics for Improved Bone Regeneration

“…The XRD pattern resembled the previously reported pattern of HAp, indicating that heat treatment facilitates the formation of natural HAp from human teeth [27]. The XRD peak at 2θ = 33.3° suggested the existence of the CaP moiety in developed bioceramics [28]. The presence of the different functional groups in bioceramics was examined through the FTIR spectroscopy.…”

“…Human teeth (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) were received from the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Hospital, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea. All procedures for teeth handling were performed under the regulation of an experimental protocol permitted by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Dental Hospital, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (IRB No.…”

Recent advances in natural polymer-based hydroxyapatite scaffolds: Properties and applications

“…In dental and orthopaedic surgery, various ceramics have been used to fill bone defects and to cover metallic implant surfaces to improve the integration of implants with the host bone. However, their clinical tissue engineering applications have been limited due to their fragility, implantation shaping difficulty and the new bone formed in a porous HAP network cannot sustain the mechanical load needed for remodeling [13,14].…”

“…The mechanism is associated with the formation of the apatite layer, due to the partial dissolution of HAP and ion exchanges between SBF solution and HAP surface. Antibiotic, anti-cancer, and gene therapy delivery vehicles are among the applications of HAP scaffolds due to their ability to dissolve slowly at the target site [13,31].…”

Direct 3D Printing of Seashell Precursor toward Engineering a Multiphasic Calcium Phosphate Bone Graft

“…1−3 Previously, it has been reported that primarily HA (Ca 1 0 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ) and β-tricalcium phosphate (Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ) (β-TCP) made up ∼93 and ∼7 wt %, respectively, of sintered bone powder. 4 Calcium phosphate (Ca−P) is the key constituent of HA and is essentially involved in rapid regeneration of the desired bone tissue. 4 Ca−P exhibits substantial bioactivity and osteoconductivity during in vitro and in vivo studies, as it has the potential to form biological bone equivalents, even without calcium-deficient carbonate apatite.…”