Evaluation of buccal damage associated with acute inhalation exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in mice

Parizi, José Luiz Santos; Tolardo, Amanda Jodas; Lisboa, Ana Carolina Gomes; Barravieira, Bruna; Mello, Fabíola de Azevedo; Rossi, Rafael; Nai, Gisele Alborghetti

doi:10.1186/s12917-020-02461-w

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…While studies carried out with rodents evaluating the oral cavity after acute inhalation exposure ( 18 ) and chronic oral and inhalation exposure ( 11 ) showed an increase in tongue epithelium thickness, mainly with an increase in the concentration of 2,4-D, our study did not show an increase in esophagus epithelial thickness. Instead, in our study, 100% of the animals in the groups exposed to the moderate oral concentration and the high inhalation concentration of 2,4-D had hyperkeratosis, and these were the groups with the lowest epithelial thickness.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

Digestive tract toxicity associated with exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in rats

Mariotti

Naufal

Amorim

et al. 2022

Braz J Med Biol Res

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2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a herbicide of the chlorophenoxy class and the second most widely used herbicide applied to several different crops worldwide. Environmental factors, especially those related to diet, strongly affect the risk of developing cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. There is currently no evidence to determine whether there is an association between 2,4-D exposure and gastrointestinal disorders. We evaluated the histological effect of chronic oral and inhalation exposure to 2,4-D on the digestive tract of rats. Eighty male adult albino Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups (n=10): two control groups, one for inhalation and one for oral exposure, and 6 groups exposed orally or by inhalation at three different concentrations of 2,4-D [3.71×10 -3 grams of active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha), 6.19×10 -3 gai/ha, and 9.28×10 -3 gai/ha]. The animals were exposed for 6 months. The esophagus, stomach, and intestine were collected for histopathological analysis. Animals exposed to 2,4-D had hyperkeratosis of the esophagus, regardless of the exposure route. All animals exposed to a higher concentration of 2,4-D orally presented mild dysplasia of the large intestine. In the small intestine, most animals exposed to moderate and high concentrations of 2,4-D had mild dysplasia. No gastric changes were observed in any of the groups studied. Chronic exposure to 2,4-D, especially at moderate and high concentrations, regardless of the exposure route, caused reactive damage to the esophagus (hyperkeratosis) and dysplastic changes to the intestine.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

Digestive tract toxicity associated with exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in rats

Mariotti

Naufal

Amorim

et al. 2022

Braz J Med Biol Res

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“…These data show that GBH can stimulate an oral allergic reaction, especially after direct contact and in females. Studies evaluating other herbicides demonstrated that herbicides may be systemic allergens (Cushman and Street 1982;Yasunaga et al 2015) and are allergenic to the skin, respiratory tract (Fukuyama et al, 2009) and oral cavity (Parizi et al 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NORs are markers of cell proliferation (Parizi et al 2020). An increase in the number of NORs in the mucosa of the tongue observed in the groups exposed to GBH indicates toxicity to the oral epithelium that stimulated cell proliferation to repair possible cell destruction caused by GBH.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subchronic exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide causes dysplasia in the digestive tract of Wistar rats

Serra

Parizi

Odorizzi

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) are the most widely used herbicide for treatment of crops in the world. The digestive tract is one of the rst systems exposed to pesticides, and damage to this system can affect the general health of individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of subchronic inhalation and oral exposure to GBH on the digestive tract in rats. Six groups of Wistar rats (male and female) were exposed to nebulization with three concentrations of GBH [3.71 x 10 − 3 grams of active ingredient per hectare (g.a.i./ha), 6.19 x 10 − 3 g.a.i./ha, and 9.28 x 10 − 3 g.a.i./ha] administered orally or by inhalation for 75 days. Bone marrow cells, smears of the tongue and fragments of the tongue, oesophagus, stomach and intestine were collected for histopathological analysis.Congestion, in ammation, an increase in the number of mast cells and nucleoli-organizing regions were detected in the tongue in the groups exposed to GBH. Females had a higher number of mast cells in the tongue than males.Animals in the groups exposed to higher concentrations of GBH showed dysplasia in the oesophagus and small and large intestine regardless of sex. Gastric changes were not observed. Animals exposed to GBH showed increased micronucleus formation. Our data indicate that GBH causes oral allergies and dysplastic lesions in the oesophagus and small and large intestine and has genotoxic potential.

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“…In oral and inhalation exposure, the oral cavity is the first line of contact with agrochemicals [ 26 ]. Therefore, it is necessary to describe the biological and chemical characteristics of the oral cavity to subsequently analyze its interaction with pesticides.…”

Section: General Characteristics Of Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, microorganisms are also removed during this turnover, thereby limiting bacterial growth, and stabilizing the oral biofilm [ 27 , 28 , 30 , 34 , 35 ]. However, pesticide contact has been shown to increase lesions in these epithelium [ 26 ].…”

Section: Oral Cavitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Pesticides on Oral Cavity Health and Ecosystems: A Review

Salazar-Flores

Martínez

Ceja-Gálvez

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Pesticides are chemical substances used to control, prevent, or destroy agricultural, domestic, and livestock pests. These compounds produce adverse changes in health, and they have been associated with the development of multiple chronic diseases. This study aimed to present a detailed review of the effect of pesticides on the oral cavity and the oral microbiome. In the oral cavity, pesticides alter and/or modify tissues and the microbiome, thereby triggering imbalance in the ecosystem, generating an inflammatory response, and activating hydrolytic enzymes. In particular, the imbalance in the oral microbiome creates a dysbiosis that modifies the number, composition, and/or functions of the constituent microorganisms and the local response of the host. Pesticide exposure alters epithelial cells, and oral microbiota, and disrupts the homeostasis of the oral environment. The presence of pesticides in the oral cavity predisposes the appearance of pathologies such as caries, periodontal diseases, oral cancer, and odontogenic infections. In this study, we analyzed the effect of organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates, bipyridyls, and triazineson oral cavity health and ecosystems.

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Evaluation of buccal damage associated with acute inhalation exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in mice

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

Digestive tract toxicity associated with exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in rats

Digestive tract toxicity associated with exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in rats

Subchronic exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide causes dysplasia in the digestive tract of Wistar rats

Impacts of Pesticides on Oral Cavity Health and Ecosystems: A Review

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