Evaluation of Continuous Lactation and Increased Milking Frequency on Milk Production and Mammary Cell Turnover in Primiparous Holstein Cows

Fitzgerald, A.C.; Annen-Dawson, E. L.; Baumgard, L. H.; Collier, Robert J.

doi:10.3168/jds.2007-0287

Cited by 18 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The use of rbST both prepartum and postpartum in multiparous cows has been successful in both short dry period (Bachman 2002;Annen et al, 2004a;Gulay et al, 2004) and CM studies (Annen et al, 2004a), but has not been successful in studies using primiparous cows (Annen et al, 2004a andFitzgerald et al, 2007). A more recent study (Klusmeyer et al, 2009) was not able to repeat the findings of Annen et al (2004a) in rbST-supplemented CM multiparous cows.…”

Section: Collier Annen-dawson and Pezeshkimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although some studies have reported that omitting the dry period did not have an impact on the milk production of the next lactation either without using bovine rbST in dairy cows (Remond and Bonnefoy, 1997) or using bovine somatotropin (bST) in multiparous cows (Annen et al, 2004a), in most studies it has resulted in production losses of 10% to 40% in the subsequent lactation (Andersen et al, 2005;Fitzgerald et al, 2007).…”

Section: Impact On Milk Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Annen et al (2004a) maintained the study for only 120 days postpartum, thus the ability of the CM cows in that study to maintain similar production to 60-day and 30-day dry cows throughout lactation is unknown. It is hypothesized that rbST is able to partially or fully overcome reduced MEC turnover in multiparous cows by enhancing secretory activity of older MEC, but it does not alleviate the effects of impaired mammary growth that occurs with CM and is more problematic in primiparous animals (Annen et al, 2004a(Annen et al, , 2004bFitzgerald et al, 2007).…”

Section: Collier Annen-dawson and Pezeshkimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of continuous lactation and short dry periods on mammary function and animal health

Collier

Annen-Dawson

Pezeshki

2012

Animal

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The dry period is required to facilitate cell turnover in the bovine mammary gland in order to optimize milk yield in the next lactation. Traditionally, an 8-week dry period has been a standard management practice for dairy cows based on retrospective analyses of milk yields following various dry period lengths. However, as milk production per cow has increased, transitioning cows from the nonlactating state to peak milk yield has grown more problematic. This has prompted new studies on dry period requirements for dairy cows. These studies indicate a clear parity effect on dry period requirement. First parity animals require a 60-day dry period, whereas lactations following later parities demonstrate no negative impact with 30-day dry period or even eliminating the dry period when somatotropin (ST) is also used to maintain milk yields. Shortened dry periods in first parity animals were associated with reduced mammary cell turnover during the dry period and early lactation and increased numbers of senescent cells and reduced functionality of lactating alveolar mammary cells postpartum. Use of ST and increased milking frequency postpartum reduced the impact of shortened dry periods. The majority of new intramammary infections occur during the dry period and persist into the following lactation. There is therefore the possibility of altering mastitis incidence by modifying or eliminating the dry period in older parity animals. As the composition of mammary secretions including immunoglobulins may be reduced when the dry period is reduced or eliminated, there is the possibility that the immune status of cows during the peripartum period is influenced by the length of the dry period.

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Section: Collier Annen-dawson and Pezeshkimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impact On Milk Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Collier Annen-dawson and Pezeshkimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of continuous lactation and short dry periods on mammary function and animal health

Collier

Annen-Dawson

Pezeshki

2012

Animal

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“…A high protein value of the milk contributes to a more stable metabolic status of the cow, grades up the delivered milk, and has got a particularly high biological value and nutrient concentration (Lee and Lorenz, 1978;Haug et al, 2007). In search of ways to increase the protein concentration of the milk, and to conserve the metabolism of the cow at the same time, the research regarding the neglecting of the dry period is of major interest (Remond et al, 1992;Remond and Bonnefoy, 1997;Remond et al, 1997a and1997b;Andersen et al, 2005;Fitzgerald et al, 2007;Madsen et al, 2008). The drying-off period is regarded to be the recreational period for the udder: cellular regeneration takes place and the preconditions for a high milk output in the following lactation are set.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of continuous milking during a field trial on productivity, milk protein yield and health in dairy cows

Köpf

Gellrich

Küchenhoff

et al. 2014

animal

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The objective of this field study with an automatic milking system was to evaluate the effects of omitting the dry period on health and productivity during the subsequent lactation in dairy cows. A total of 98 German Simmental cows of six Southern German farms were assigned randomly to two experimental groups: The first group was dried-off 56 days before calving (D for dried-off, n = 49), and the second group was milked continuously during this period until calving (CM for continuous milking, n = 49). From the latter a third group emerged, including cows that dried-off themselves spontaneously (DS for dried-off spontaneously, n = 14). Blood serum values of glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and IGF-1 showed most pronounced fluctuations in D cows. Over the entire study period, the concentrations of BHBA and NEFA were markedly lower in the CM and DS groups. Furthermore, IGF-1 concentration was lowest for D cows and also decrease in back fat thickness was more pronounced. Mean concentration of milk protein was markedly higher in CM and DS cows (3.70% and 3.71%) compared with D cows (3.38%). Owing to the lower 305-day milk yield (−15.6%) and the lower total milk yield (−3.1%), the total amount of produced protein in the subsequent lactation was 2.5% (6.8 kg) lower, although the additional protein amount in CM cows from week −8 to calving was 35.7 kg. The greatest benefit resulted from positive effects on fertility and the lower incidence of diseases: CM cows had their first oestrus 1 week earlier compared with D cows, they also conceived earlier and showed a significantly lower risk of developing hypocalcaemia, ketosis and puerperal disorders. The present study showed that the costs of medical treatment and milk losses were twice as high in D cows, compared with CM and DS cows, and thus the reduced costs because of the more stable health outweighed the financial losses of milk yield by + 18.49 € per cow and lactation.

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“…Diet has a profound effect on de novo fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland, brown and white adipose tissues as well as the liver [1,2,3,4]. In these cases, the rate of fatty acid synthesis is significantly altered by the amount of carbohydrate or fat present in the diet [5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of feeding triacylglcerols on milk fat composition, lipogenesis and polymer-protomer transition of acetyl-coa carboxylase in rat mammary

Oben¹,

Ngondi²,

Agbor³

et al. 2009

African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development

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Diets rich in fats produce large quantities of milk with high lipid concentrations, which may be important for the growth of neonates. The present study investigates the effect of different fat enriched diets on mammary gland lipogenesis in lactating rats. Rats were fed for 6 weeks during pregnancy through to mid-lactation with diets containing chow supplemented with 20% (w/w) coconut oil, olive oil or corn oil. The control animals were fed with a low fat (0.5%, w/w) diet, or with chow (6.8%, w/w fat). Rats fed either the 20% (w/w) olive oil-supplemented diet or the 20% (w/w) corn oil-supplemented diet produced milk with significantly lower total fat concentrations (p<0.05) than rats fed the low-fat (0.5% (w/w) corn oil) control diet or with chow (6.8% (w/w) fat. Rats on the olive oil-and corn oil-supplemented diets produced milk that had significantly lower concentrations of total fat and of C8:0 -C18:0 fatty acids and higher concentrations of C18:1 -C18:3 acids compared to the low-fat diet, chow, or the coconut oil-supplemented diets. Compared with the low-fat control diet, all the other dietary regimes suppressed overall fatty acid synthesis in both the lactating mammary gland and liver, with the highest suppression being produced by the olive oil-and corn oil-supplemented diets on mammary fatty acid synthesis. Measurements of the total activity in the mammary gland of the rate-limiting enzyme, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and of the proportions of the polymeric (active) and protomeric (inactive) forms of this enzyme, showed that the total activity decreased in parallel with the overall rate of fatty acid synthesis. This trend was, however, not noticed for fatty acid synthetase (another lipogenic enzyme). By contrast, a constant proportion of polymeric to protomeric forms was maintained at mid-lactation irrespective of the diet, indicating a possible role of prolactin in mammary gland acetyl-CoA carboxylase polymerization. This study, therefore, showed that the fatty acid composition of the diet as well as hormones involved in lactation may affect mammary gland and liver fatty acid synthesis, through a modification of the rate limiting enzyme of fatty acid synthesis -acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

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Evaluation of Continuous Lactation and Increased Milking Frequency on Milk Production and Mammary Cell Turnover in Primiparous Holstein Cows

Cited by 18 publications

References 18 publications

Effects of continuous lactation and short dry periods on mammary function and animal health

Effects of continuous lactation and short dry periods on mammary function and animal health

Effects of continuous milking during a field trial on productivity, milk protein yield and health in dairy cows

The effects of feeding triacylglcerols on milk fat composition, lipogenesis and polymer-protomer transition of acetyl-coa carboxylase in rat mammary

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