2012
DOI: 10.1159/000330792
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Evaluation of Conventional Doppler Fetal Cardiac Function Parameters: E/A Ratios, Outflow Tracts, and Myocardial Performance Index

Abstract: Structural evaluation of the fetal heart is well established. Functional evaluation using pulsed-wave Doppler may also be performed. E/A ratios express the relationship between the maximal velocities of the E and A waveforms of ventricular filling. In normal fetuses, E/A ratios are usually <1 but show a constant increment during gestation, mainly related to the increment of the E wave. In intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) fetuses, E/A ratios are lower compared to values in normally grown fetuses at the sa… Show more

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Cited by 143 publications
(156 citation statements)
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“…As the heart's primary function is ejection of blood to deliver adequate tissue perfusion, Doppler ultrasound is commonly used to evaluate cardiac function through either assessing blood flow or cardiac time periods [4]. One quantitative measurement is the myocardial performance index (MPI), a pulsed-wave Doppler-derived index reflecting global myocardial function [5] which has been shown to be a highly sensitive measure of dysfunction [6,7].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As the heart's primary function is ejection of blood to deliver adequate tissue perfusion, Doppler ultrasound is commonly used to evaluate cardiac function through either assessing blood flow or cardiac time periods [4]. One quantitative measurement is the myocardial performance index (MPI), a pulsed-wave Doppler-derived index reflecting global myocardial function [5] which has been shown to be a highly sensitive measure of dysfunction [6,7].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In most cases, diastolic changes precede systolic changes. Therefore, Doppler echocardiographic parameters that assess diastolic function or combined systolic and diastolic function, as well as the myocardial performance index (MPI), may contribute to the early treatment of fetuses with cardiac dysfunction [8].…”
Section: Fetal Cardiovascular Physiologymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…After the ninth week of pregnancy, the E and A waves can be measured; the E/A ratio is always lower than 1.0 until term, as the fetal heart is more rigid owing to its higher collagen content. For accurate measurement of E and A waves, either mitral or tricuspid, the sample volume of pulsed Doppler (2-3 mm) should be positioned in each ventricle immediately distal to the atrioventricular valves at an insonation angle smaller than 20° [8].…”
Section: E/a Ratiomentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The basis of many of the novel indices of fetal cardiac function include techniques familiar to most fetal medicine practitioners and cardiologists such as pulsed wave, 5 M‐mode, 6 and tissue Doppler 7 as well as the relatively new technique of speckle tracking 8 . Traditionally, cardiologists have been trained in, and fetal medicine practitioners have shied away from M‐mode though it is a very sensitive tool for cardiac measurements.…”
Section: Available Techniques For Evaluation Of Fetal Cardiac Functionmentioning
confidence: 99%