Evaluation of effectiveness of Mass Vaccination Campaign against Peste des petits ruminants in Chhattisgarh state, India

Abstract

Summary The study evaluated the effectiveness of ‘Mass Vaccination Campaign (MVC)’ implemented against the contagious transboundary OIE notified Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats on the lines of ‘pulse polio campaign’ for humans in Chhattisgarh state, India. The effectiveness was evaluated on the axes of adequacy, financial viability under with and without MVC through differencing under various scenarios and options and programme impact from a farmer's perspective. The adequacy evaluation revealed that the reported outbreaks, diagnosed and death cases declined under PPR‐MVC inconsonance with increased vaccination coverage. Furthermore, the seroconversion increased during post PPR‐MVC implies elevated immunity levels in the sheep and goat population. The estimated mean mortality loss was USD 45.2 and USD 16.5 per animal in goats and sheep, respectively, whereas the treatment and opportunity cost of labour was USD 1.9 and USD 2.5 per animal respectively. Under the low PPR incidence scenario, benefit: cost ratio, net present value and internal rate of return were 4.9:1, 48.9 million USD and 146.6%, whereas it was 12.4:1,142.7 million USD and 430.4% and 13.5:1,156.7 million USD and 430.4% under medium and high incidence scenarios. Furthermore, the option of vaccinating 100% risk population during the first year followed by 30% during subsequent years to cover naïve population will maximize benefits than 100% coverage every year; nevertheless, benefits outweighs cost manifolds in both of these options. The farmers had a positive opinion on the overall services provided under PPR‐MVC and the results provide the empirical evidence on effectiveness of ‘mass vaccination’ for its replication in other states of India or countries with similar socio‐economic and rearing environments.

Progress towards Eradication of Peste des Petits Ruminants through Vaccination

“…Regardless of whether 30% or 100% of animals were vaccinated in subsequent years, the benefits outweighed the costs. The results provide a reference for the implementation of a mass vaccination campaign in India or other countries with similar socioeconomic environments and small ruminant production systems [70].…”

“…To maximize the economic benefits of PPR control and eradication, vaccination programs require careful planning using scientific evidence. In India, three axes of PPR mass vaccination campaign, namely, adequacy (vaccination coverage, number of outbreaks, diagnosed and death cases, and vaccination seroconversion), financial viability (program under different scenarios and options), and the program impact from farmers' perspective were evaluated [70]. The study showed that the reported outbreaks, diagnosed and death cases declined in consonance with increased vaccination coverage.…”

Serosurvey for Assessment of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Antibodies Status in Sheep and Goats in the Rural System of Odisha State, India

“…Moreover, neither systematic surveillance nor sero-monitoring was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of the vaccination in a particular region except for a few studies (Balamurugan et al, 2018(Balamurugan et al, , 2020b. The disease has been brought under control in some of the states and PPR outbreaks threat reported declined progressively and substantially in the continuous vaccination practiced states like Chhattisgarh (Balamurugan et al, 2018) and Southern peninsular region (Balamurugan et al, 2020b) and benefits outweigh the cost of a vaccination program (Govindaraj et al, 2019).…”

Simulating the Spread of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Kazakhstan Using the North American Animal Disease Spread Model

“…Te analysis of PPR epidemic situation and trends in the disease spread in recent years in neighboring countries indicates a considerable threat of PPR introduction in Kazakhstan. Epidemic situation in Mongolia and China, as well as in Georgia, Turkey, and Iran, is of particular importance [8][9][10][11][12][13].…”