Evaluation of Enzyme (Maxigrain®) Treatment of Graded Levels of 
Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) on Nutrient Retention

Sekoni, A. A.; Omage, JJ; Bawa, G. S.; Esuga, P.M.

doi:10.3923/pjn.2008.614.619

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The aforementioned reduction of fiber contents and the increased production of reducing sugars were due to the high activity of cellulase and mannanase present in the enzyme used. Several previous studies suggested that supplement of enzyme in broiler diets containing PKE improved growth performance, feed efficiency and metabolizable energy compared to raw PKE (Yahya et al, 2000;Chong et al, 2008;Sekoni et al, 2008;Iyayi and Davies, 2005), however, Choct (2006) reported that enzymes were not very effective in breaking down the non-starch polysaccharides to monomeric sugars within the gastrointestinal tract of poultry and suggested that pre-treating the PKE with enzymes before feeding could be a better option in improving the nutritive values of this byproduct.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The major exogenous enzymes used to improve the nutritive value of PKE are mannanase, α-galactosidase and cellulase (Sundu and Dingle, 2003). Supplementing exogenous enzymes directly into the diet of broilers, Chong et al (2003) reported increased apparent metabolizable energy and true metabolizable energy in PKE diets while Sekoni et al (2008) recorded increased retention of vital nutrients (protein, fat and nitrogen free extract) and metabolizable energy in broiler chickens. However, other worker (Choct, 2006) reported that enzymes were not very effective in breaking down the non-starch polysaccharides to monomeric sugars within the gastro-intestinal tract of poultry and suggested that pre-treating the PKE with enzymes before feeding could be a better option in improving the nutritive values of this byproduct.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of enzyme treatment on chemical composition and production of reducing sugars in palm (Elaeis guineenis) kernel expeller

Liang

Ho²,

Loh³

et al. 2011

Afr. J. Biotechnol.

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The primary objective of this study was to examine the effects of enzyme treatment on chemical compositions and production of reducing sugars in palm (Elaeis guineenis) kernel expeller (PKE). PKE was incubated in 80% water content at 55°C for 18 h with enzyme or without enzyme (as control). Crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE) contents of PKE were not significantly different (P>0.05) between the control and enzyme treated PKE; averaged 17.95% for CP and 15.88 MJ/kg for GE. However, ether extract (EE) neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose and cellulose contents of enzyme treated PKE decreased (P<0.01) by approximately 34.6, 26, 20, 35.7 and 22.1%, respectively, compared with the control. Total content of reducing sugars (mannose, glucose and galactose) of the enzyme treated PKE increased by approximately 200 folds compared to the control (P<0.01). Enzyme treated PKE had higher (P<0.01) cellulase and mannanase activities but not αgalactosidase. Key word: Enzyme treated palm kernel expeller, chemical composition, reducing sugars, palm kernel expeller.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of enzyme treatment on chemical composition and production of reducing sugars in palm (Elaeis guineenis) kernel expeller

Liang

Ho²,

Loh³

et al. 2011

Afr. J. Biotechnol.

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show abstract

“…Supplementing exogenous enzymes into broiler diets containing PKE to enhance intake and growth performance has been previously reported ( Yahya et al, 2000 ; Iyayi and Davies, 2005 ; Omojola and Adesehinwa, 2007 ; Sekoni et al, 2008 ) but results from the above studies were inconsistent, presumably due to different enzymes were used among studies and/or other influencing factors within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the birds which may affect the activity of the supplemented enzymes. The latter includes i) differences in rate of passage resulting in variable retention times for the enzyme to act on the PKE in the GIT and ii) the core body temperature of chickens (41°C) ( Tessier et al, 2003 ) is below the optimal temperature for enzymes activity (50 to 60°C) ( Pardo and Forchiassin, 1999 ; Siti Norita et al, 2010 ) and thus reducing their efficacy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Enzyme Treated Palm Kernel Expeller on Metabolizable Energy, Growth Performance, Villus Height and Digesta Viscosity in Broiler Chickens

Saenphoom

Liang

et al. 2013

Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci

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This study examined whether pre-treating palm kernel expeller (PKE) with exogenous enzyme would degrade its fiber content; thus improving its metabolizable energy (ME), growth performance, villus height and digesta viscosity in broiler chickens fed diets containing PKE. Our results showed that enzyme treatment decreased (p<0.05) hemicellulose and cellulose contents of PKE by 26.26 and 32.62%, respectively; and improved true ME (TME) and its nitrogen corrected value (TMEn) by 38% and 33%, respectively, compared to the raw sample. Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of chickens fed on different dietary treatments in the grower period were not significantly different. Although there was no difference in feed intake (p>0.05) among treatment groups in the finisher period, ADG of chickens in the control (PKE-free diet) was higher (p<0.05) than in all treatment groups fed either 20 or 30% PKE, irrespective of with or without enzyme treatment. However, ADG of birds fed with 20% PKE was higher than those fed with 30% PKE. The FCR of chickens in the control was the lowest (2.20) but not significantly different from those fed 20% PKE diets while birds in the 30% PKE diets recorded higher (p>0.05) FCR. The intestinal villus height and crypt depth (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) were not different (p>0.05) among treatments except for duodenal crypt depth. The villus height and crypt depth of birds in enzyme treated PKE diets were higher (p<0.05) than those in the raw PKE groups. Viscosity of the intestinal digesta was not different (p>0.05) among treatments. Results of this study suggest that exogenous enzyme is effective in hydrolyzing the fiber (hemicellulose and cellulose) component and improved the ME values of PKE, however, the above positive effects were not reflected in the growth performance in broiler chickens fed the enzyme treated PKE compared to those received raw PKE. The results suggest that PKE can be included up to 5% in the grower diet and 20% in the finisher diet without any significant negative effect on FCR in broiler chickens.

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“…The addition of MOS at a dose of 3 g/kg feed improved the carcass characteristics and intestinal microbial ecology of growing Japanese quails (25). Broilers fed palm kernel meal diet reduces the relative size of broiler organs, which reduces the relative weight of such organs (31).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal Development and Histomorphometry of Broiler Chickens Fed Trichoderma reesei Degraded Date Seed Diets

et al. 2020

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A study was conducted to investigate the impact of degraded date pits (DDP) on the development and morphology of the intestine in broilers. Trichoderma reesei was used to produce the DDP using a solid-state degradation method. One hundred and eighty broilers were divided into six treatments in triplicate groups of 10 chicks each. The dietary treatments were: positive control with corn-soy basal diet, negative control with corn-soy basal diet + 20% oxytetracycline at 0.05%, corn-soy basal diet + 10% DDP, cornsoy basal diet + 0.2% mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), corn-soy basal diet + 0.2% mannose and corn-soy basal diet + 0.1% mannose for 6 weeks. The results indicate that a 10% DDP diet increased the activities of the pancreatic enzymes, the villus length, and the villus/crypt ratio, and decreased the crypt depth of the intestine. In conclusion, when compared to oxytetracycline and MOS, DDP can be used as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters for broilers while improving gut development and intestinal health.

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Evaluation of Enzyme (Maxigrain®) Treatment of Graded Levels of Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) on Nutrient Retention

Cited by 11 publications

References 12 publications

Effect of enzyme treatment on chemical composition and production of reducing sugars in palm (Elaeis guineenis) kernel expeller

Effect of enzyme treatment on chemical composition and production of reducing sugars in palm (Elaeis guineenis) kernel expeller

Effects of Enzyme Treated Palm Kernel Expeller on Metabolizable Energy, Growth Performance, Villus Height and Digesta Viscosity in Broiler Chickens

Intestinal Development and Histomorphometry of Broiler Chickens Fed Trichoderma reesei Degraded Date Seed Diets

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