Evaluation of exosome derivatives as bio-informational reprogramming therapy for cancer

Abstract

Exosomes are nanoparticle sized (100 ± 50 nm) extracellular vesicles (ECVs) that play important roles in cell-to-cell communication. They do this by utilizing their natural ability to shuttle signaling molecules across the cellular microenvironment and promote paracrine signaling. Currently, exosomes are being explored for their potential as therapeutic agents for various degenerative diseases including cancer. The rationale behind their therapeutic ability is that they can transfer signaling biomolecules, and subsequently induce metabolic and physiological changes in diseased cells and tissues. In addition, exosomes can be used as a drug delivery system and may be very effective at reducing toxicity and increasing bioavailability of therapeutic molecules and drugs. Although exosomes were first believed to be a waste product of the cell, current research has demonstrated that these particles can serve as modulators of the immune system, act as cancer biomarkers, cause re-differentiation of cancer cells, and induce apoptosis in diseased cells. Extensive research has been performed specifically using amniotic fluid-derived extracellular vesicles, named “cytosomes”. While the use of cytosomes in clinical application is still in the early stages, researchers have shown great potential for these EVs in regenerative medicine as immune modulators, in controlling microbial infection and by inducing tissue repair through the activation of endogenous, tissue-specific stem cells. This review emphasizes the capabilities of specific subsets of extracellular vesicles that can potentially be used for cancer therapy, principally as a source of bi-informational reprogramming for malignant cells.

Oviduct epithelial cells‐derived extracellular vesicles improve preimplantation developmental competence of in vitro produced porcine parthenogenetic and cloned embryos

“…EVs as nanoparticles contain diverse bioactive molecules such as proteins, messenger RNAs (mRNAs), small ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), lipids, amino acids, and growth factors (B. Yang et al, 2019). EVs can transfer biologically functional molecules and participate in intercellular signaling (Gonzalez et al, 2021; E. Yang et al, 2020).…”

Role of dendritic cell‑derived exosomes in allergic rhinitis (Review)

“…Exosomes were initially considered to be carriers of waste products from intracellular metabolism (66). However, subsequent studies have revealed that exosomes can serve to not only remove waste products of metabolism from the cell but also perform a variety of functions, such as intercellular communication, transport of intracellular, extracellular substances, and genetic material, as well as maintenance of cellular stability and removing cellular debris (67)(68)(69)(70). In addition, exosomes can regulate innate and adaptive immune responses, specifically in antigen presentation and intercellular signaling.…”

Functions and therapeutic potentials of exosomes in osteosarcoma

“…Ligand enrichment on engineered exosomes can induce or inhibit signaling in receptor cells, or can target exosomes to specific cells [44]. Exosomes loaded with chemotherapeutic agents have shown promise for antineoplastic drugs delivery with low toxicity and high tolerance [45].…”