Evaluation of four rapid tests for diagnosis and differentiation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in Guinea-Conakry, West Africa

Chaillet, Pascale; Tayler‐Smith, Katie; Zachariah, Rony; Duclos, Nanfack; Moctar, Diallo; Beelaert, Greet; Fransen, Katrien

doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.05.007

Cited by 25 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…For SD Bioline HIV 1/2 3.0, a similarly high sensitivity and specificity was reported in a study from India. 14 The test's performance was, however, lower in the current study similar to the findings reported by Chaillet et al, 5 which also found that the Genie rapid test (previous version) had the best overall performance. In another study from Ghana, the authors found the Genie II test to be useful for rapid and accurate differentiation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…A serological test, the INNO-LIA HIV-I/II assay, was thus chosen as gold standard in our study based on availability, experience in the laboratory at Aarhus University Hospital, and previous studies using INNO-LIA HIV-I/II. 5,11,12 HIV-1 and HIV-2 RNA measurements were not performed as levels could have been undetectable due to ART, and moreover, HIV-2 RNA levels may be undetectable even in untreated individuals. 13 Furthermore, plasma was scarce, and there was insufficient material for the detection of HIV-1 and 2 RNA among most of the 26% untreated patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two other rapid HIV tests [Immunoflow HIV1-HIV2 (WB); Core Diagnostics (Birmingham, United Kingdom) and Genie III HIV-1/HIV-2; Bio-Rad (Steenvorde, France)] were selected for evaluation on the basis of their local availability, procedural simplicity, storage requirements, and their previously reported ability to discriminate between HIV-1 and HIV-2. 5 All samples were analyzed in Bissau immediately after collection with SD Bioline HIV 1/2 3.0 and Immunoflow HIV1-HIV2 (WB) using heparinized whole blood. Plasma was subsequently separated and frozen at 220°C.…”

Section: Selection Of Rapid Hiv Assays For Evaluation and Comparison mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance of 3 Rapid Tests for Discrimination Between HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa

Hønge

Obinah

Jespersen

et al. 2014

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

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As HIV-2 is intrinsically resistant to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, it is mandatory to discriminate between HIV types before initiating antiretroviral treatment. Guinea-Bissau has the world's highest prevalence of HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 dually infected individuals. We evaluated 3 rapid tests for discrimination between HIV-1, HIV-2, and dual infections among 219 patients from Guinea-Bissau by comparing with the gold standard (INNO-LIA). Genie III HIV-1/HIV-2 was the best performer with regard to discriminatory capacity (agreement 91.8%), followed by Immunoflow HIV1-HIV2 (agreement 90.9%) and SD Bioline HIV-1/2 3.0 (agreement 84.5%). Our results underscore the need for evaluation of tests in relevant populations before implementation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Selection Of Rapid Hiv Assays For Evaluation and Comparison mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Performance of 3 Rapid Tests for Discrimination Between HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa

Hønge

Obinah

Jespersen

et al. 2014

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

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“…Furthermore, HIV type discrimination was performed by SD Bioline HIV 1/2 3.0. A study from the neighbouring country Guinea-Conakry found that SD Bioline HIV 1/2 3.0 may have overestimated the number of HIV-1/2 dually infected patients;22 this was later confirmed in Guinea-Bissau 23…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Loss to follow-up occurs at all stages in the diagnostic and follow-up period among HIV-infected patients in Guinea-Bissau: a 7-year retrospective cohort study

et al. 2013

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ObjectivesTo describe loss to follow-up (LTFU) at all stages of the HIV programme.DesignA retrospective cohort study.SettingThe HIV clinic at Hospital National Simão Mendes in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.ParticipantsA total of 4080 HIV-infected patients.Outcome measuresBaseline characteristics, percentages and incidence rates of LTFU as well as LTFU risk factors at four different stages: immediately after HIV diagnosis (stage 1), after the first CD4 cell count and before a follow-up consultation (stage 2), after a follow-up consultation for patients not eligible for antiretroviral treatment (ART; stage 3) and LTFU among patients on ART (stage 4).ResultsAlmost one-third of the patients were lost to the programme before the first consultation where ART initiation is decided; during the 7-year observation period, more than half of the patients had been lost to follow-up (overall incidence rate=51.1 patients lost per 100 person-years). Age below 30 years at inclusion was a risk factor for LTFU at all stages of the HIV programme. The biggest risk factors were body mass index <18.5 kg/m2 (stage 1), male gender (stage 2), HIV-2 infection (stage 3) and CD4 cell count <200 cells/μL (stage 4).ConclusionsIn this study, LTFU constituted a major problem, and this may apply to other similar ART facilities. More than half of the patients were lost to follow-up shortly after enrolment, possibly implying a high mortality. Thus, retention should be given a high priority.

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“…Thus, the frequent misdiagnosis of HIV-1&2 dually reactive patients leads to prematurely initiate a preferred second-line ART in many HIV-1 infected patients, in areas with limited access to treatment options. Thus, it is critical to improve the diagnosis and classification of HIV-2 and HIV-1&2 dually infected patients before initiating ART, in order to preserve second- and upper-line ART options in the West African region [32]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re‐testing and misclassification of HIV‐2 and HIV‐1&2 dually reactive patients among the HIV‐2 cohort of The West African Database to evaluate AIDS collaboration

Tchounga¹,

Inwoley²,

Coffie³

et al. 2014

Journal of the International AIDS Society

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IntroductionWest Africa is characterized by the circulation of HIV-1 and HIV-2. The laboratory diagnosis of these two infections as well as the choice of a first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) is challenging, considering the limited access to second-line regimens. This study aimed at confirming the classification of HIV-2 and HIV-1&2 dually reactive patients followed up in the HIV-2 cohort of the West African Database to evaluate AIDS collaboration.MethodA cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to December 2012 in Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire and Mali among patients classified as HIV-2 or HIV-1&2 dually reactive according to the national HIV testing algorithms. A 5-ml blood sample was collected from each patient and tested in a single reference laboratory in Côte d’Ivoire (CeDReS, Abidjan) with two immuno-enzymatic tests: ImmunoCombII® (HIV-1&2 ImmunoComb BiSpot – Alere) and an in-house ELISA test, approved by the French National AIDS and hepatitis Research Agency (ANRS).ResultsA total of 547 patients were included; 57% of them were initially classified as HIV-2 and 43% as HIV-1&2 dually reactive. Half of the patients had CD4≥500 cells/mm3 and 68.6% were on ART. Of the 312 patients initially classified as HIV-2, 267 (85.7%) were confirmed as HIV-2 with ImmunoCombII® and in-house ELISA while 16 (5.1%) and 9 (2.9%) were reclassified as HIV-1 and HIV-1&2, respectively (Kappa=0.69; p<0.001). Among the 235 patients initially classified as HIV-1&2 dually reactive, only 54 (23.0%) were confirmed as dually reactive with ImmunoCombII® and in-house ELISA, while 103 (43.8%) and 33 (14.0%) were reclassified as HIV-1 and HIV-2 mono-infected, respectively (kappa= 0.70; p<0.001). Overall, 300 samples (54.8%) were concordantly classified as HIV-2, 63 (11.5%) as HIV-1&2 dually reactive and 119 (21.8%) as HIV-1 (kappa=0.79; p<0.001). The two tests gave discordant results for 65 samples (11.9%).ConclusionsPatients with HIV-2 mono-infection are correctly discriminated by the national algorithms used in West African countries. HIV-1&2 dually reactive patients should be systematically investigated, with a standardized algorithm using more accurate tests, before initiating ART as at least 4 out of 10 of them could initiate an effective first-line ART for HIV-1 and optimize their second-line treatment options.

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Evaluation of four rapid tests for diagnosis and differentiation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in Guinea-Conakry, West Africa

Cited by 25 publications

References 19 publications

Performance of 3 Rapid Tests for Discrimination Between HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa

Performance of 3 Rapid Tests for Discrimination Between HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa

Loss to follow-up occurs at all stages in the diagnostic and follow-up period among HIV-infected patients in Guinea-Bissau: a 7-year retrospective cohort study

Re‐testing and misclassification of HIV‐2 and HIV‐1&2 dually reactive patients among the HIV‐2 cohort of The West African Database to evaluate AIDS collaboration

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