Evaluation of Heat Pipe Working Fluids In The Temperature Range 450 to 700 K

Anderson, William G.; Rosenfeld, John H.; Devarakonda, Angirasa; Mi, Ye

doi:10.1063/1.1649553

Cited by 27 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…A survey of working fluids in the temperature range from 450 to 700 K found that water was the best working fluid for temperatures below 550 K, with a merit number roughly ten times higher than other intermediate temperature working fluids (Anderson et al, 2004).…”

Section: Titaniumavater Compatibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Titanium Loop Heat Pipes for Space Nuclear Power Systems

Hartenstine¹,

Anderson²,

Bonner³

et al. 2008

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Space nuclear power systems require a radiator to dissipate the waste heat generated during the thermal-toelectric conversion process. A previously conducted radiator trade study showed that radiators with titanium/water Loop Heat Pipes (LHP) have the highest specific power (ratio of heat dissipation to radiator mass) in the temperature range from 300 K to 550 K. A prototype titanium/water LHP was designed and fabricated to operate within this temperature range. The LHP was all titanium, to eliminate incompatibility problems between water and dissimilar metals. The LHP had a 2.54 cm (1 inch) CD., 20 cm (8 in.) long evaporator wick, and was designed to carry 500 W of heat load. The liquid and vapor lines were roughly 2 m long, typical of the requirements for a spacecraft radiator. The LHP was tested to more than 550 W, at an adverse elevation of 5 cm and an operating temperature of 413 K. This paper describes the details of the titanium/water LHP design, wick development, and titanium LHP fabrication and tests.

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Section: Titaniumavater Compatibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Titanium Loop Heat Pipes for Space Nuclear Power Systems

Hartenstine¹,

Anderson²,

Bonner³

et al. 2008

AIP Conference Proceedings

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“…The vast majority of commercial heat pipe based technologies are limited to temperatures below 230 • C. Water, ammonia, or refrigerants are mainly used as working fluids in this range [4]. The technology is mature with an excellent track record with regard to performance and reliability, and thermosyphons are commercially available at reasonable cost [5][6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Study of Small-Diameter Wickless Heat Pipes Operating in the Temperature Range 200°C to 450°C

Jouhara

Robinson

2009

Heat Transfer Engineering

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An experimental investigation is reported for medium-temperature, wickless, small-diameter heat pipes charged with environmentally sound and commercially available working fluids. The wickless heat pipes (thermosyphons) studied have many applications in heat recovery systems since their operational temperature range is between 200 • C and 450 • C. The heat pipes investigated had an internal diameter of 6 mm and a length of 209 mm. The lengths of evaporator and condenser sections were 50 mm and 100 mm, respectively. The working fluids tested were diphenyl based: Therminol VP1 and Dowtherm A. High-grade stainless steel was chosen as the shell material for the heat pipes to provide chemical compatibility between heat pipe casing material and working fluids at elevated temperatures. Thermal resistances of less than 0.4 K/W have been achieved at working temperatures of up to 420 • C with an effective thermal conductivity of 20 kW/m-K, which corresponds to an axial heat flux of 2.5 MW/m 2 . Even for such small-diameter heat pipes, the experimental data for the evaporator showed good agreement with Rohsenow's pool boiling correlation.

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“…The agreement between the two is excellent for the three fluids where both surface tension and critical properties are known. Anderson et al (2004) discussed the evaluation of the organic fluids, aniline, naphthalene, toluene, hydrazine, and phenol. In general, the vapor pressures as well as the merit numbers of the organic fluids are lower than those of water at a given temperature.…”

Section: Surface Tension Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%