“…Though carbon nanotubes are typically physisorbed or compressed with enzyme catalyst of choice, followed by coating of semi-permeable polymer like Nafion to prevent desorption or leaching of the enzymes, more complex setups have been reported to enhance the immobilization of the enzyme as well as electron transfer by using electrode materials of higher surface area and electrical conductivity. Carbon-based electrode materials were chemically modified or doped for increased enzyme loading and stability of enzyme immobilization (Meredith et al, 2011 ; Karaśkiewicz et al, 2012 ; Wei et al, 2012 ; Giroud and Minteer, 2013 ), decorated with metallic nanomaterials for covalent bonding of enzymes and enhanced electron transfer (Naruse et al, 2011 ; Lalaoui et al, 2016a ), or combined with various carbonaceous nanomaterials to form composite electrodes (Wu et al, 2013 ; Campbell et al, 2015 ; Escalona-Villalpando et al, 2018 ). For example, carbon nanotubes functionalized with naphthalene, an aromatic group toward which laccase exhibited affinity due to its hydrophobic pocket, were efficient electrode materials in not only ensuring electrical wiring between enzyme cofactor and the electrode surface but also increasing the amount of enzymes in favorable orientation for DET (Karaśkiewicz et al, 2012 ).…”