Evaluation of Immune Responses and Histopathological Effects against Gamma Irradiated Avian Influenza (Sub type H9N2) Vaccine on Broiler Chicken

Abstract

Vaccination is a good strategy for the prevention of avian influenza virus. In this research Gamma Irradiated Avian Influenza (Sub type H9N2) Vaccine (GAIV) was prepared by 30 kGy irradiation and used for vaccination of broiler chickens. The purpose was a comparison of immune responses in the two routes of administration for the GAIV vaccine; intranasal and subcutaneously, use of Montanide ISA70 and Trehalose accompanied with irradiated vaccine and compare with formalin vaccine. The Influenza Virus A/Chicken/IRN/Ghazvin/2001/H9N2 was irradiated and used for vaccine formulation, and formalin inactivated AIV was used as conventional vaccine. Chickens were vaccinated by GAIV with and without Trehalose, GAIV and formalin vaccines with ISA70, two routes of administration were intranasal and subcutaneously. All the vaccinated chickens showed a significant increase in antibody titration. The most significant increase of antibody titration was in irradiated vaccine plus Trehalose groups intranasal and subcutaneously. After the first and second intranasal vaccination, the amount of IFN-gamma increased in the irradiated vaccine plus Trehalose group compared to other groups. However, most of the vaccinated groups did not show any significant increase of IFN-α concentration. Histopathological examination revealed lymphocyte infiltration (++), foci dispersed of hemorrhage and edema in intranasal vaccination groups and in addition to these, thickening of alveolar septa was observed in the injection groups. GAIV vaccine can be a good candidate for vaccine preparation, and Trehalose as a stabilizer protects viral antigenic proteins, also makes more absorbance of antigen by the inhalation route. In vaccinated chickens the ulcers in injected vaccines were lower than intranasal vaccines. HIGHLIGHTS  Gamma Irradiated Avian Influenza (H9N2) Vaccine was prepared by 30 kGy irradiation.  Broiler chickens were vaccinated by two routs; intranasal and subcutaneously.  All the vaccinated chickens showed a significant increase in antibody titration.  The most increasing of immune responses was in irradiated vaccine plus Trehalose. 2 Motamedi-Sedeh, F.; et al.

The influence of Spirulina extract on pathogenicity, immune response, and vaccine efficacy against H9N2 avian influenza virus in specific pathogen free chickens

“…In the current investigation, H9N2 AI challenge caused histopathological alterations in several organs; also, vaccination against the H9N2 virus induced moderate histological abnormalities in various organs. Our findings were consistent with the histopathology findings observed by Javan et al (2020) in broiler chickens exposed to gamma irradiated H9N2 AI vaccination. As a result, combining an immune modulator with the vaccine would result in a reduction in vaccine side effects.…”

Evaluation of room temperature (30°C to 35°C) lyophilized vaccine with radio inactivated Mannheimia haemolytica whole cells isolated from infected sheep

“…The result of the antibody level for the trehalose irradiated vaccine was lower than that for the irradiated vaccine without trehalose. The immune efficiency of the trehalose irradiated vaccine results did not agree with results obtained for the bacteria trehalose vaccine [ 28 ] and the virus trehalose vaccine [ 7 ]. However, Vanaporn and Titball [ 28 ] suggested that the role of trehalose protection depends on the type of bacterial cell and high levels of accumulated trehalose delay the bacteria germination of spores.…”

“…It is produced by many invertebrates, a wide variety of plants and algae, bacteria, yeasts, and fungi [ 24 - 27 ]. Trehalose is widely used as a protein stabilizer and cryoprotectant by the food and drug industry [ 7 , 27 , 28 ]. The result of the antibody level for the trehalose irradiated vaccine was lower than that for the irradiated vaccine without trehalose.…”

Immune Response of Gamma-Irradiated Inactivated Bivalent Polio Vaccine Prepared plus Trehalose as a Protein Stabilizer in a Mouse Model

“…The D 10 value (dose of gamma radiation, which can decrease 1 logarithmic cycle of virus population) and optimum dose of gamma rays for virus inactivation were determined according to the dose/response curve. Finally, 2 vials of bivalent polioviruses that include 50 mL of the poliovirus, one of them plus 20% trehalose (1 M) (a disaccharide of glucose, as a protein protectant) and another without trehalose, under frozen conditions were irradiated by the optimized dose of gamma ray and used for safety test on cell culture (during 4 blind cultures) to confirm complete virus inactivation [7].…”