Evaluation of infusions of xylazine with ketamine or propofol to modulate recovery following sevoflurane anesthesia in horses

Wagner, Ann E.; Mama, Khursheed R.; Steffey, Eugene; Hellyer, Peter W.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.73.3.346

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Pharmacological techniques aim to prolong recovery and allow the horse to eliminate the inhalant anaesthetic prior to regaining proprioception, and thus ensure a smoother and calmer recovery. Drugs such as alpha 2 agonists injections, propofol or ketamine infusions in combination with alpha 2 agonists infusion have been used; these studies have reported variable effects on recovery quality [ 9 – 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This combination was shown to improve the quality of transition from lateral recumbency to standing but there was also a potential increase in respiratory depression (hypoventilation, hypoxaemia and apnoea). Wagner et al [ 12 ] failed to show any improvement of recovery quality when xylazine and ketamine CRIs, 20 μg/kg/min and 60 μg/kg/min respectively, were used for 30 min after stopping isoflurane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A retrospective report (2003–2013) of the complications associated with the use of a one-man (head and tail) rope recovery system in horses following general anaesthesia

et al. 2018

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BackgroundThe mortality rate of horses undergoing general anaesthesia is high when compared to humans or small animal patients. One of the most critical periods during equine anaesthesia is recovery, as the horse attempts to regain a standing position. This study was performed in a private equine practice in Belgium that uses a purpose-designed one-man (head and tail) rope recovery system to assist the horse during the standing process.The main purpose of the retrospective study was to report and analyse complications and the mortality rate in horses during recovery from anaesthesia using the described recovery system. Information retrieved from the medical records included patient signalment, anaesthetic protocol, duration of anaesthesia, ASA grade, type of surgery, recovery time and complications during recovery. Sedation was administered to all horses prior to recovery with the rope system. Complications were divided into major complications in which the horse was euthanized and minor complications where the horse survived. Major complications were further subdivided into those where the rope system did not contribute to the recovery complication (Group 1) and those where it was not possible to determine if the rope system was of any benefit (Group 2).ResultsFive thousand eight hundred fifty two horses recovered from general anaesthesia with rope assistance. Complications were identified in 30 (0.51%). Major complications occurred in 12 horses (0.20%) of which three (0.05%) were assigned to Group 1 and nine (0.15%) to Group 2. Three horses in Group 2 suffered musculoskeletal injuries (0.05%). Eighteen horses (0.31%) suffered minor complications, of which five (0.08%) were categorised as failures of the recovery system.ConclusionsThis study reports the major and minor complication and mortality rate during recovery from anaesthesia using a specific type of rope recovery system. Mortality associated with the rope recovery system was low. During recovery from anaesthesia this rope system may reduce the risk of lethal complications, particularly major orthopaedic injuries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A retrospective report (2003–2013) of the complications associated with the use of a one-man (head and tail) rope recovery system in horses following general anaesthesia

et al. 2018

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“…Various anesthetics have been used in previous studies, including intraperitoneal injection of ketamine and xylazine (K/X), avertin (AV; also named tribromoethanol), chloral hydrate, barbiturates and thiobutabarbital, and inhaled volatile anesthetics, such as isoflurane and halothane (3–5). Among these, the K/X combination is one of the most widely used anesthetic approaches in animal experiments (6,7). In this combination, each component is suggested to compensate for the limitations of the other and to provide the most favorable anesthetic effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combination of ketamine and xylazine exacerbates cardiac dysfunction in severely scalded rats during the shock stage

Feng

Chai

Chu

et al. 2013

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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Cardiac inhibition due to burn injury and anesthetics have been documented previously. However, little is known about their combined effects on cardiac function. The aim of the present study was to observe the effects of a ketamine/xylazine (K/X) combination on the cardiac function of rats with severe scalds and compare them with those of avertin. Adult rats were randomly distributed into four groups: the KXB group (scalds anesthetized with K/X, n=10), the KXC group (sham scalds anesthetized with K/X, n=10), the AVB group (scalds anesthetized with avertin, n=10) and the AVC group (sham scalds anesthetized with avertin, n=10). Ketamine and xylazine were administered at 25 and 6 mg/kg, respectively, and avertin at 200 mg/kg before full-thickness scalds or sham scalds of 30% total body surface area (TBSA) were produced. Echocardiographic parameters were assessed following injury. The heart rate (HR) in the KXB group was fatally low during the study period. Fractional shortening (FS%) and ejection fraction (EF) in the KXB group were extremely low initially and remained low. The left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) were reduced in the burned rats. Serum levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were significantly higher in the KXB group than in the AVB group (1.66±0.28 vs. 1.16±0.34 ng/ml, P<0.01). The highest lung wet/dry weight ratio was observed in the KXB group. However, no evident heart tissue pathological changes were observed in these groups. The apoptotic index of myocardial cells and caspase 3 expression level were highest in the KXB group (P<0.01). In conclusion, K/X exacerbated cardiac inhibition in severely scalded rats during the shock stage by a mechanism which may involve mitochondrial apoptosis.

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“…Recovery was relatively smoother for dogs in Medetomidine-ketofol group compared to ACP-ketofol group. Propofol has been associated with smooth recovery from anesthesia and especially when combined with an apha-2-adrenergic [7,8]. The insignificant but notable difference in recovery between the study groups could be attributed to medetomidine and ketamine which have analgesic effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It inhibits NMDA receptors by modulating channel gating [1]. Although associated with post-induction apnea [6], it produces smooth recovery, especially when combined with alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonists [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of anesthesia produced by ketofol in acepromazine- or medetomidine-sedated dogs

2019

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Objective: A randomized, blinded clinical study was conducted to evaluate ketofol (Ketamine + Propofol combination) anesthesia in 12 entire male mongrel dogs sedated with either acepromazine (ACP) or medetomidine. Materials and Methods: Group A (6) dogs were pre-medicated with ACP and Group B (6) dogs with medetomidine. Anesthesia was induced and maintained using ketofol (ketamine and propofol). Routine open pre-scrotal castration was performed. Sedation score and ease of arousal were assessed and recorded. Duration and depth of anesthesia were evaluated using apnea and the absence of palpebral and pedal reflexes, attempts to stand up, and muscle tremors and post-operative pain. Simple statistics were compared using Student t -test and Mann–Whitney test ( p < 0.05). Results: Medetomidine-sedated dogs had higher sedation scores compared to ACP-sedated dogs. Medetomidine-ketofol produced significantly ( p < 0.05) longer duration of anesthesia (24.5 ± 3.1 min) compared to ACP-ketofol (10.0 ± 4.4 min). Sixty-seven percent of dogs anesthetized with ACP-ketofol required top up with ketofol to complete the castration. However, none of the Med-ketofol anesthetized dogs required top up. Med-ketofol produced a more profound depth of anesthesia and smoother recovery from anesthesia compared to ACP-ketofol. Med-ketofol (median score 6) attained better overall post-operative analgesia compared to ACP-ketofol (median score 7), though not statistically significant ( p = 0.25). Although both protocols provided adequate anesthesia for castration, top up was required to complete the operation in more than half of ACP-ketofol anesthetized dogs, making Med-ketofol a better protocol. Conclusion: The study recommends the use of Med-ketofol anesthesia for castration in a dog, and post-operative analgesia to be administered with either protocol, but more so in ACP-ketofol anesthetized dogs undergoing castration.

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Evaluation of infusions of xylazine with ketamine or propofol to modulate recovery following sevoflurane anesthesia in horses

Cited by 20 publications

References 16 publications

A retrospective report (2003–2013) of the complications associated with the use of a one-man (head and tail) rope recovery system in horses following general anaesthesia

A retrospective report (2003–2013) of the complications associated with the use of a one-man (head and tail) rope recovery system in horses following general anaesthesia

Combination of ketamine and xylazine exacerbates cardiac dysfunction in severely scalded rats during the shock stage

Evaluation of anesthesia produced by ketofol in acepromazine- or medetomidine-sedated dogs

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