“…Interestingly, using kinesthetic instruction and sketching, improved the acquisition of two-dimensional spatial design and computational thinking (Youssef & Berry, 2012). Chang (2014) noted that the visual programming software, Alice, is better suited to alleviate stress and improve confidence with low-performing introductory computer science students than Scratch, insinuating that some instructional software is better for learning object-oriented programming, a programming paradigm designating objects as classes of data in fields with specific procedures (Uysal, 2016). According to Uysal (2016), novice programmers had difficulty learning Java, an object-oriented programming language, due to cognitive load theory.…”